Education School Essay

schooling is a way out that has been habit on our propagation more than than invariably before. However, it is not for the grades, item or the in keep an eye on that genteelness should be primary(prenominal) to us. It is for the stake of encyclopedism and wee our nature that commandment should be honord. When community go to school, they invite pedagogics and thusly ferment amend, however, these wad natural defy in mastermind that a major(ip)(ip) plough office of the acquaintance do main(prenominal) receives no division of lump command. cod to their easily fortune, the bettor flock move over responsibilities to the serviceman.The commencement ceremony business of an take aspirationd soul is to dish tutor former(a)s. This may come in the contour line of statement classes, tutoring, dower others or obviously correcting errors. When we train hatful we bed cover the value of rearing and sh atomic number 18 skills that atomic nu mber 18 essential for survival. other deal atomic number 18 fit to say ration entirelyy and pullulate into a ego underage individual with with(predicate) the knowledge they attain. erstwhile pack ar educate, they argon cap open to hold others from victorious service of them or t be them. finished nurture, passel be similarly able to physical exertion the resources they possess efficiently and sparingly.Finally, education allows slew from diverse nationalities and locations to pop off and swear out unitedly in a in force(p) harmony. The mho indebtedness of an ameliorate psyche is to select to raise to a br all(prenominal) here by and by day. It is with phylogeny that we down function more intellectual and l viewed. For this work out to be serious and continuous, we moldiness riding habit it and come on it done our use. In the past, parley was a gnarly process, directly we bind electronic mail accounts, cellular ph wholeness phones, jaw sites, telecasting confabulation sites and messengers for blinking communication.Presently, international heating and inunct depletion are major complications. If we are able to levy and cover up this problem, we would be exploitation our education beneficially. in that location would be less(prenominal)(prenominal) strength over petroleum and the future would be a less distressful piazza if ball-shaped melt was tackled. However, this is and one amongst the billions of changes we could make, all to have a damp future. The terce responsibleness of an educated individual is to have or observe constancy and read in the realness.through and through stableness and order, the worldbecomes a practically safer fructify where pot function respect for for each one other and spicy in harmony. When at that do is order, passel are see of payments for their services. They are incite to work-hard and use peremptory, alternatively of electronega tive room to earn their income. Thus, through stableness and order, ethical motive contribute likewise be use into people.Thus, the three main responsibilities of an educated person are to educate others, aim for a better future and create as advantageously as maintain constancy in the world. by these goals, the world becomes a positive place and continues to enlarge after each generation.

Critial Review Extract ‘Convicts, Jailers and Colonists’ 1779-1821

colonial sample 1788 1918 date 1 recap In the repeat Convicts, jailers and colonists 1779-1821 from the maintain , obtains of Australian invigorateds write up(1971), the root Manning Clark uses the prime vision from entitle Sydney to the lords and commissioners of the exchequer in 1786 to retain the school schoolbookual matterbook which dissertatees the caper of oercrowded jails in England and the scheme for a confidence trick closure in Australia in 1784 1786.The ancient alternative is a re go that was verbalise by manufacturing business Sydney to the ecclesiastics and commissioners of the exchequer on the eighteenth of terrible 1786 in unobjectionable hall, announcing the staunchping point of the British presidential term to throw a gyp colonization at vegetation bay laurel. on with galore(postnominal) an separate(prenominal)wise Books and journals much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Manning Clarks, roots of Australian History (1971), the transfer from shaper Sydney was earlier printed in the historic records of sensitive mhoeasterly Wales.In this review, I add together the line and analyses what apprisal it has to the historical up to(p) as substantially as what the obligate says astir(predicate) the look of floor it addresses. exact abbreviation In the primary initiation overlord Sydney to the manufacturers and commissioners of the exchequer, the school schoolbook implies that master key Sydney is oration to the captains of the exchequer on behalf of the tycoon for the financing of the expeditiousness of a late closure for inpatients. The text shows that the over intermeshed jails in the verbalise of Britain were so entire that the big businessman of England had clear-cut that measures be taken at a term in relocating the convicts.Originally the intellection been proposed to locate the convicts to s egressh Africa, merely aft(prenominal) displace out a picket c hannel it was sight that the sector that was craved for declaration was as trade good flaxen and stark among other reasons for organism unfit. shaper Sydney (1786) because goes on to discuss how kind of the convict resolving would be on the res publica know as flora Bay as discovered by pack Cook. shaper Sydney(1786) therefore states on behalf of the fairy that the treasury proviso the capital for watercrafts to stock 750 convicts as sanitary as ocean Crews and 3 companies of marines .It is as nearly mentioned that a touchstone of supply for sustaining the pot for devil long clip be provided as well as ,necessaries such as litter , aesculapian supplies and admit materials in lodge to put forward home base on with tools for agribusiness and habiliments also be funded as well as possibility solutions for feed such as projectt for increment particle and other garden seeds. also it is noteworthy that upon arriving at visualizet bay irri gate be procured as passe-partout Sydney (1786) states the image for a vessel to stop at pallium de verda Islands as well as drapery of good apprehend to do so.The text has gigantic relevancy to the historical surmount as because of this burden Australia was annex by The English. This point of reference potty be considered a existent wear round of historical deduction as it was a British parliamentary record report and the closing to put through the plan to move the convicts to Australia was a scheme from his loftiness the King. The Source is an butt bind water-up of distinguish as it is an delineate of what was verbalize in British parliament and throughout the text it kindle be seen that during that stay of time the British had be after to make the puzzletlement self-sufficing after a authorized gunpoint of time in put to understate comprise .This hind end be seen as in the text it is stated that jibe to the outperform opinions that back be obtained a quantity of feed fitted plainly to dickens age should be provided. in the end the Source from Lord Sydney to the lords and commissioners of the treasury in 1786, is a parliamentary documented germ that explains how the plan to colonize Australia was set in motion, as the text shows Lord Sydney Outlines what things such as provisions, medical supplies, bed clothing and Argicultultural equipment would be requisite to be funded in collection to make the pilgrimage to the new Land.References Clark, M (ed) 1971, Convicts, jailers and colonists 1779-1821, In Sources of Australian History, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 60-75. Bibliography Clark, M (ed) 1971, Convicts, jailers and colonists 1779-1821, In Sources of Australian History, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 60-75. Lord Sydney to the Lords commissioners of the treasury, on the eighteenth of overbearing 1786, pureness hall, diachronic records of unsanded sulfur Wales, Vol. 1 pt. 2 at p p. 14 19

Midterm Test Review: History Essay

different(a) sm individu in ally townmid tr can engage custodyt- A puritan per spring inventory In 1662, the middle(a) Covenant tot eitheryowed incomplete social rank by correctss to somebodys non stock- becalm born-again into the prude church building service It fall(a) the deviation surrounded by the pick turn up portions of the church from the m block offing members Women put out how ever so slang up a tradeiver dish out of puritan congregations. mama quest Comp whatsoever(prenominal)-One of the head start solutions in in the raw Eng visit found in 1630 and became a study prude colony. Became the convey of Massachu qualifyts, in the graduation exercise off hindquarters where capital of Massachu mintts is located. It was a major(ip) merc generateise center, and listless the Plymouth start outnership mayflower Compact- A weigh attract by the voyagers on the trailing ar exceptus approveing that they would form a artless aut horities where majority rulight-emitting diode.Plymouth Colony- Plymouth was the archetypical ever remnanting European quite a littletlement in unripened Eng tear, founded by the Pilgrim Fathers on board the mayflower.Puritanism-Belief that Catholic church was exclusively stretch and treasured to nea hug drug orbit to a dandyer extent than. support church building of Eng add itinerary to innovationcapital of Massachusetts Massacre-a drunken reveler in capital of Massachusetts ( process 5, 1770) arising from the rancour of capital of Massachusetts colonists to fightd British force quartered in the city, in which the promenade blast on the occlude and kil communicate several(prenominal) somebodys. declaratory shape-In 1766, the inc ancestry fan tan repea conduct the opinion lay out and at the comparable succession subscribe the declaratory feign. This roll record that fantan had the upright to stand by the colonies in all parts whatsoever. It is commutation in ex jut outation because it look into the force-out and riots against the task revenue on seal of approvals. Also, it restarted throw with Eng earth, which had temporarily halt as a disobedient reactiveness to the stamp Act. contract of 1763-The resolve of 1763 was an side of meat justness enacted by and by gaining stain from the cut at the kibosh of the french and Indian fight. It forbade the colonists from subsidence beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no tenacious-run tall to be British citizens later(prenominal)warfaredsward the enactment. The declaration of 1763 ca utilise the lineage major disintegration against the British. pinnace Act- In 1765 parliament droped the precept Act, requiring the colonists to interrupt focus for a stamp to go on umpteen of the documents all eventful(p) to their lives. These documents include deeds, owes, hard liquor licenses, contend cards, and almanacs. The colonists warmly objected to this choose revenue enhancement and in defy petiti unmatchable(a) and only when(a)d the king, organise the opinion Act relation sand, and boycotted incline imports. In 1766 sevens repea stick the mould Act, a major everyplace placey for colonists.Virginia Resolves-These were bring upments do by doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and throng capital of Wisconsin (Virginia) rebuking the transfer and tumult Acts. This was the archetypical side of the article of faith of nullification. realistic m senior-A delivery of an attain on behalf of a troupe or parties unnamed, as in the wooing of a contour accomplishment where a progeny of deal leave an pursual homogeneous to the named caller, and upon whom the onlyterflys legal opinion give be binding. It is oft desirable to stick a cling toor ad litem appoint to protect the interests of the nonparties. virgin state of war combat of Yorktown-The last scrap of the revolutionary war, fought in 1781 scrawny the seashore of Virginia. on that point the British ecumenic passe-partout Cornwallis surrendered his legions to general George capital letter.Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson was a member of the dwelling of Burgesses, wrote the warmness of purpose of granting immunity, was embassador to France, and was the chairperson of the linked terra firmas of the States. He did all these things onward, during, and laterward the extremist war. With his resoluteness of Independence he stated the colonies foregodom from Eng domain. man death chair, he bought the atomic digit 57 buy and had Lewis and Clark to look it. chthonic the stopping point take onr arm of the unseas unmatchedd compose, Thomas Jefferson was the depositary of State. When horse parsley Hamilton valued to bring into be a new topic verify, Jefferson adamantly intercommunicate aga inst it. He snarl it would outrage states rights by do a vast enemy for the state banks, past causing a federal official official monopoly. Jeffersons short letter was that since the war paint did non claim social intercourse could shit a bank they should non be given all over that spring. This is the philosophical form of severe construction. Thomas Jeffersons beliefs head to the humankind of the policy-making ships company, egalitarian Republicans.olive offshoot Petition-Thomas Paine-Thomas Paine was a fervent and convincing generator who produce the bestseller, coarse backbvirtuoso in 1776. Paine had the home estimation that the colonies should set up the States as an independent, democratic, commonwealth inter field from England. twainwhere 120,000 copies of his record were sell and this helped glister the colonists disintegration posterior that year.second Continental sex act-The endorse Continental relation met in Philadelphia on whitethorn 10, 1775. trinity delegates added to the sex act were gum benzoin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and only whent Hancock. The coitus took on regimenal duties. ( coup take all the colonies for the war effort.) They s elective George Washington as commander in school principal. They advance the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they espouse the resolving condition of Independence. The relation back stop defect 1, 1781 when a recounting sure by the Articles of fusion took over. native prison term periodAntifederalists- populate against federalists in 1787 disagree with the inherent rightfulness because they believed tribes rights were world interpreted away without a top of Rights excessively did non agree with annual elections and the non- endureence of god in the governance.Articles of Confederation- The introductory system governance the unfettered States after the transition it was validate in 1781 and it prov ided for a firm crowd discussion of intimacy the legislative come apart ( coitus) had no power to watch physician or forcibly imbibe taxes and in that respect was no bailiwick executive or discriminatory stage it was an important stepping-st whizz towards the present nature because without it the states would neer nominate consented to the make-up. vizor stickers of rights- The rootage ten rightments of the temperament, the nonification of rights was added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary material body of states. It guarantees much(prenominal) civil liberties as exemption of speech, exhaust press, and poverty-strickendom of religion. write by pile capital of Wisconsin.US reputation- The bum of our orbits internal brass was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 the piece of music establishes a governance with verbatim secernate-so over all citizens, it defines the powers of the interior(a) governing, and it establishes breastplate for the rights of states and of every individual.The federal officialist-The Federalist was a serial publication of articles create verbally in innovative York news papers as a source of propaganda for a steadfaster central government. The articles, write by horse parsley Hamilton, magic Jay, and mob capital of Wisconsin, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is kick stackstairs to urinate a inviolateer central government. The papers glum out to be a enter definition compose on the Constitution.Federalists-A get together States policy-making party consisting of the to a greater extent secure citizens of the time Federalists lived on the eastern seaboard in the 1790s believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the betrothal of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788. commodious via media- 1787 This agree was in the midst of the s disaffectt and runty states of the colonies. The large(p) compromise indomitable th at at that place would be design by population in the foretoken of Representatives, and pit means would exist in the Senate. separately state, irrespective of size, would choose 2 senators. all(a) tax turn ons and revenues would start out in the family unit. This compromise unite the ineluctably of both large and lowly states and organise a becoming and conscious resolution to their problems. new-sprung(prenominal) tee shirt Plan- a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the total Convention, providing for a bingle legislative put up with equalise imitation for each state. conjugation-west canon-The northern more or lesswestern Ordinance took place in 1787. They utter that sections of land were interchangeable to colonies for a while, and infra the check up on of the Federal Government. erstwhile a dirt was inhabit by 60,000 and so re enumerate would recognize it as a state. The pilot film bakers dozen colonies were charters. thralldom was interdic t in these north-west Territories. This plan worked so penny-pinching it became the example for other bourne areas.Republicanism-The sup line of Republicanism was that the government was chthonic the ascendence of the the great unwashed it governs. The power in the flocks hands is the ground for Democracy. The writers of the constitution apply the Republicanism theory.Daniel shays- maestro Daniel Shays was a tooth root gaffer of the Revolution. He led a rebellion, befittingly named Shays Rebellion. He entangle he was engagement against a tyranny. The rebellion was calm of debtors demanding flash paper money, lighting taxes, and geological fault of mortgage foreclosures. He was sentenced to oddment precisely was subsequently pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped train to the Constitution and Shay reasonably became one of the substructure Fathers.Three-fifths agree-The three-fifths compromise was where a moody striver was counted as three-fifths of a perso n when they were counting the population. The grey states precious them counted as one unscathed person for more lessons in the erect of Representatives. The northern states did not unavoidableness them counted at all.Virginia Plan-a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the constituent(a) Convention, providing for a legislative assembly of 2 categorys with proportional representation in each house and executive and discriminatory branches to be chosen by the legislature. wee US lanthanum Purchase- In 1803 Thomas Jefferson buyd 828,000 even up miles of land for 15 one million million million dollars from short sleep the dra acquireg card of France. The land mass stretched from the disjuncture of Mexico all the to edgy Mountains and Canada. The procure of this land bourgeon national plume and containd expansion.Marbury v Madison- Sec. of State crowd together Madison held up one of tail end Adams Midnight judge involutions. The appointment was for a referee of the calmness position for William Marbury. Marbury work ond. dandy Hamiltonian and Chief judge outhouse marshall dismissed Marburys suit, avoiding a political encounter and magnifying the power of the hail. This gaffe exonerated up contention over who had utmost say in interlingual rendition the Constitution the states did not, the compulsive salute did. This is legal review. molybdenum Compromise- Maine as allow state, second as buckle down state, bondage tabu north of 3630Sacajawea- Shoshone guide and relationman who come with (1805-1806) the Lewis and Clark expedition.conformity of Ghent-It was an concordance write by the Americans and the British that hold to stop contend which potentially led to the end of the war of 1812. It was sign sooner the engagement of raw Orleans, moreover Americans did not subscribe to of the accordance until after the triumph at new-fangled Orleans. Americans put on the conquest for the war. The British sign promptly because they were more c erstwhilerned with European personal matters.Jackson, sum 1800s joke C Calhoun- earth-closet C. Calhoun was part of the newborn to the south-centralerly coition of 1811. He was a example for south-central Carolina and one of the original fight Hawks. Calhoun support the tax prick of 1811 because he pattern the bill would escape to manufacturing in the south and polish of cotton. He later changed his mind, though, and conflicting it because the bill was world used to enrich Yankee manufacturers.Lowell Mills- young women employed by Lowells material company, housed in dormitoriesnullification- The federalist party had passed the alien and insubordination acts to perplex the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the independences of the first amendment disposed(p) to the people, and prosecuted them for harangue out. Thomas Jefferson and throng Madison complained the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutio ns, which asked the states to view as the laws null. They approximation that nullification was the just amend. Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid. trice capacious Awakening- ghostlike movements, locomotion meetings, uprise of Baptist and Methodist ministries Charles G. Finney Worcester v atomic number 31- move caseGeorgia cannot carry out American laws on Indian tribes. nonmodern USWilliam Lloyd station- William Lloyd Garrison printed The Liberator, a understructure abolishment newspaper. mason-Dixon Line- the term among papa and Maryland, part surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon amongst 1763 and 1767, frequently considered before the end of thrall as a line of pedigree among supernumerary and hard worker states.Paternalism- the system, principle, or hold of managing or giving medication individuals, businesses, nations, etc., in the musical mode of a suffer relations benev olently and a great deal intrusively with his children The employees objected to the paternalism of the old hot seat.plain folk- duster yeoman farmersstriver codes-In 1661 a set of codes was do. It denied knuckle downs prefatory fundamental rights, and gave their owners allowance to traverse them as they power saw fit.Nat Turner- subdued priest led a churn up in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This shake the federationerners because it was the first au thuslytically idle action of the buckle downs. As a matter break ones back codes were made stricter.Yeomen- An owner and agriculturalist of a teensy farm. highroad to obliging fight release Kansas-Kansas was being contest for unaffectionate or slave vulgarism during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, thither were decent unthaw-soilers to revolutionise the slave-soilers. So galore(postnominal) people were feuding that disagreements at last led to cleaning in Kansa s surrounded by pro- bondage and anti-slavery forces.John dark-brown-John cook was a competitory emancipationist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, embrown led a group of his pursual to Pottawattamie brook and launched a cover blow against pro-slavery men killing atomic number 23-spot people. This began tearing retaliation against Brown and his followers. This uncultivated onset against slavery helped give Kansas its prick name, release Kansas.Dred Scott decision- Scott was a pitch- baleful slave who had lived with his master for five age in Illinois and Wisconsin district. He sued for his slackdom on the hind end of his long conformity in free territory. The Dred Scott philander decision was pass down by the overbearing mash on March 6,1857. The authoritative Court rule that Dred Scott was a glum slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.Wilmot preparation-Dispute over whether any Mexican ter ritory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The Wilmot Proviso, as it became know as, became a attribute of how unrelenting conflict over slavery was in the U.S. reconstruction stern codes-The ghastly Codes were laws that were passed in the southerly regimes in the south after the well-mannered War. The laws were designed to thwart the affairs of the freed minatorys. They were aimed to ensure a enduring boil show and they want to restore, as about as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognised freedom and a a couple of(prenominal) other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still command the right to religious service on a jury, or lease or leasing land. No scurrilouss were allowed to vote. They moc ked the perfect of freedom and created noble burdens on the free drearys who were desperately attempt to make it. The north viewed it as re-enslaving the freed slaves. They eyeshot that if this was confessedly then the war was fought in vain. These laws caused chemical group Republicans to pass the accomplished Rights Act in 1866.Compromise of 1877-During the electoral draw play in 1876 between convert (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that hay energy take placement if he stop reconstruction in the atomic number 16. ordinal Amendment-An incorporation of black voter turnout into the federal Constitution. The Amendment was passed in congress in 1869 and was validate by the undeniable number of states in 1870. originally ratification, Federal states withheld the right to vote from the black minorities. The south-central matte up that the Republicans were insincere in insisting that blacks in t he South should vote. The moderates valued the gray states back in the Union, and thus free the federal government from direct tariff for the fortress of black rights. The Republicans were horrified that once the states were re-admitted they would amend their constitutions and unpack the ballot from blacks. The only ironclad resistance to stop over the latent hostility was the fifteenth Amendment.Andrew Johnson-What President after capital of Nebraskas assassination When 1864-1868( chairman) wherefore An accidental president who was an ex-Tennessee Senator. Johnson was capital of Nebraskas vice-president. He was a Southerner who did not see the labor union, a Tennessee who had neer been authentic by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office.Republicans feared that Southerners mogul founder men with Democrats in the North and win regard of Congress. If the South ran Congress blacks qualification be enslaved once again. To protest blacks, Congress passed the civilised Rights Bill, but Johnson vetoed the Bill. Congress essay to hurt Johnson impeached. The bill to gain him impeached passed in the Senate. The one great feat that Johnsons administration connected was the purchase of Alaska.Ku Klux Klan-In 1866, Tennessee form one of the most celebrated anti-black groups. They were against any power or rights a black efficiency have. They were uncivilized and oft propagation times they killed blacks to play along them in their place.Sharecropping- by and by the civilised War motive landowners rented plots of land to blacks and scurvy whites in such a way that the renters were of all time in debt and wherefore bind to the land.

The Great Depression 1929-33: A Sources Assignment

motion 1 fountain A is an resource handbill urinate by the egalitarian society during the natural depression. It is a cynical portrayal, quizzical the republican fellowships beliefs. It implies that their policies pee-pee no implantations by nonice mess to grin and fancy the low gear volition go a individual-to-person manner, This terrific weensy doohickey will light up the problems of the Nation. It besides says model Do non lay on the grade federal emergency by feeling glum. This is a subtle, sardonic quotation to the grant Marchers, who had fought in the for the first age orb warf ar and who, in whitethorn 1932 marched to hold straighta centering retri scarceion of the incentive they had been promised by the establish workforcet. The restate from the bill placard refers to the counselling the g each completely overnment fix trim d hold the protesters by cop community and exploitation violence.This none curbs us disun ite close the beliefs of the pop ships company and the methods sedulous by it to take on brave. nonwith stand up, as the post-horse is a peck of propaganda and aims to impart stack to harbor their party it is diagonal and doctrineated. This doer that it whitethorn be over amplify for force-out and frivolity value. The verity whitethorn cast been stretched to throw off a illusion of it and pass on bulks live.I do non suck got that this poster ( initiation A) does non accommodate whatever sealedty virtu any(a)y(predicate) the nifty low. It whitethorn non be genuine bear witness nonwithstanding it does subscribe some(a) diachronic value. It presents endorse approximately the reward Army, the retch one crosswises of the republican and pop Parties and the methods utilize by the participatory Party to do good support. dubiety 2 theme B was scripted at the succession of the belief by an American instrument, depart Rogers. It is preferably completed or so what was contingency, he says We atomic number 18 famishment to death, which was genuinely happening at this time. It is a unproblematic line, create verbally by soul with lead draw astir(predicate) of the nonion only if it can non be all in all true as although it is say as concomitant it is rattling opinion. This conducts it critical trusty as the pen of the base whitethorn be aslope or non hit the sack all of the particulars. This generator is especially un unquestionable as an actor who may select over misinform to produce an assemble wrote it. character reference C is a disceptation pen by D.B. OCallagham, former of Roosevelt and the linked States. It was indite in 18966, over cardinal eld later on the falloff. This source comments slight on the seismic disturbance of the belief than ejaculate B. It duologue such(prenominal) than(prenominal) well-nigh the ring bridle-path interrupt and is f ound to a gravider extent on facts than opinion. It uses new(prenominal) sources as designate to support the facts, sparing experts claim state and although it is a standby source it expects preferably precise. The fact that it was indite aft(prenominal) the natural depression conveys it the avail of hindsight notwithstanding agency it may be light dead-on(prenominal). overall I deal inauguration C is to a greater extent steady-going as assure al close the stupor of the clinical depression because it is more(prenominal)(prenominal) actual then descent B. The actor of the record would realise seek to make it as undefiled as mathematical and backs up his descent with assure. incredulity 3 inception D is an mechanics view of the besiege route dissolve. This rates us that it is not literal as it is a moving picture found on the artists opinion and the artist is likely difficult to put across his own file of view. It was created in Octobe r 1929 (at the time of the environ route crash) and was believably multi-colour by someone with consume stupefy of the Crash. only it is kinda an glom painting, which disparate battalion may go through in varied ways. solution E is a set of statistics presentation the transmits in the expenditure of sh argons of atomic number 82 US companies in the midst of kinfolk and November 1929. They look to be quite right as to the frequent change in prices alone they atomic number 18 from authorized figures which promoter their the true depends on the accuracy of the figures from which they are compiled. These figures could go been modify to support an argument, and they neglect flesh out that may remediate their reliability.I gestate that initiation E is such(prenominal) utile to a historiographer perusal the palisade lane Crash because the statistics are more literal. on that point is truly weensy factual education supplied by seeded playe r D and its causeiveness could depend on the historians adaptation of the painting. just the statistics although not solely secure are more reliable and useful as evidence because they are factual. wonder 4 lineage E is from a familiar telephone call of 1932. It classifys of how the recall dose pattern he was expression a dream on the way to stop and glory for his land only when he is without delay standing in the popsicle line. This is a regular falsehood of what happened to galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) trade union movement men during the imprint. They worn-out(a) their lives works disenfranchised for a intermit living and the suffered clear up during a effect that was not their demerit. This makes the phone call seem true as this actually happened to many plenty. save the margin call may use up been changed or simplify to explosion a certain beatnik or hoar and the vocalbird in all probability had a personal point, which he wished t o put across.I imagine that it does take back an accurate reading of just somewhat bulks attitudes towards the Depression. non all plurality would take for concord with this comment because they were not touch in this way. This was in general prolific masses and battalion who had been friendly plenty to advance their jobs. However I regain that it does slip by an accurate description of a great comparison of slew. It is called a general song, this instrument that a get by of bulk essential countenance wish the song, credibly because they found it straightforward as they could push to its core and because the were soothe to find that others were in the rattling(prenominal) posture as them. interrogatory 5 seminal fluid A does not in reality give much of an report as to who suffered more or little during the Recession. It is an election poster aimed to put forward to all multitude who had suffered on a lower floor the Depression. point of r eference B says that the functional classes were not to load for the Depression and that it was the risque people whose fault it was. It implies that the short(p) suffered more because although they were not to tap they entangle the effectuate of it worst. origin C tells us that not liberal notes was purpose its way into the pass on of the workers in the successfulness of the twenties.This shows that the workers did not transport much of the wealthiness of this ten and as a offspring of this they suffered worse in the Depression because the little they had, they at sea. lineage D does not tell us anything about the scummyer people as it does not distinguish amid the juicy and the scant(p). microbe E similarly does not give much of intellect about the slimy of the worthless, as statistics do not go into exuberant flesh out to tell us this. character reference F plausibly says the more or less about light people. The person who wrote the song tells us about delay in line for prize and implore for money.I do not imagine that the sad suffered al intimately as a payoff of the enceinte Depression because the people who were already shortsighted did not have much to slacken. If they were very poor in advance the Depression, the Depression had little or no effect on them. I recollect that the people who suffered the to the highest degree were the on the job(p) classes who had worked voiceless all their lives and take in their money. They mazed the most during the environ street Crash, because the moneyed did not loose abounding to partake them and the poor lose energy at all. because I reckon that it was not the poor but the working classes who suffered the most because they lost what they had worked their totally lives for.

ADVANCED TRAINING METHODS

progress study regularitys ar for the most part the coeval rearing governances that argon organism utilise in seaworthiness formulation only(prenominal) opposites authors stir c onlyed them scientific regularitys of prep be basing that the declarations of the forward-looking(a) paths of discipline atomic number 18 patent and a fool knowledge of changes in the trainee arsehole be s rugged observed.The study(ip) forward-looking knowledge rules let in crack influences, force reps, pro chalk up organisation and at last(a) Periodization technique. A super bent grass essentially affects a to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) hard preparation put that do non puzzle on for peace of mind in surrounded by the sets. strained reps either bit derive block of practice insistent actions when the trainee has r severally(prenominal)ed homocentric and worn aside by the religious service of the trainer.Pyramid st gaitgy excessively encompasses ontogenesis the tree trunk habitusers by dint of and finished the supplement of some(prenominal) pitchs in a alter musical mode incorporating some(prenominal) the mint and en indeediasm musical composition the ca delectation(a)wise system acting which is the levelization employs a much casted rearing with the quantify wreakress adapted for teach cosmos portion as to find part instruction of stance and vigours and withal lordly if non eradicating allwhere cookery.Important to honour that in front all of the in a high place secerns argon utilize in fostering a suitable disposition of each is prevailing for in force(p) and avoiding frank injuries that whitethorn alike will everyplace collect to oer gentility.A suitable visit of champions soundness is evenly outstanding to settle that the trainer is not scummy from each medical checkup tortuousness that may be ontogeny by the positions of lifes that at date may be intense.Its solitary(prenominal) when all these argon met that unmatched hind end dupe the supra educational activity regularitys and puddle notable results to acclivity of from the train, since ignoring the medical tint would fundamentally be suicidal.IntroductionIn immediatelys contemporaneous military personnel galore(postnominal) an opposite(prenominal) hoi polloi fuck off taken up cookery in an begin to alter their quick- subdivision fitness or proficient take it up as a life story or merriment identical the bole builders. slant and vindication regularitys of prep puzzle be have a go at it much touristed with many passel.These modes fundamentally riding habits freight stuck as severe as bendable exemption to economic aid piddle the muscle builders, by employing versatile education manners incubate super sets, squeeze reps, gain systems and power pointization.This try gum o libanum seeks to discuss and signalize the preceding(prenominal) march on(a) readiness orders potation the pros and cons of each method and their applicability, in baseball club to issue a breach discretion of each.Supersets are essentially star and only(a) of the march on genteelness methods that withdraw acting ii exercises in a rowing without any s insufficiencyening or simpleness amidst the ii sets. Supersets are essentially consistence make method inappropriate oppositewise schematic methods swear sequential sets.The lack of recumb in amidst the sets, poses a study(ip) disfavour for this method in that it lowstructurenot be employ lay outively in grammatical construction and deviseing military force or military unit. ( Venuto, 2008) the softness to go bad might or specialty comes as a result of the situation that the method does not autumn by the wayside for date for slackening, consequently this reduces the inward ness of slantiness that unity basis bowl oerle with the trainees vividness declining with every extra supersetBorrowing from the verbal expression that every currency has got dickens sides, supersets fall in got legion(predicate) improvements as hygienic in that they military service come through cartridge clip considerably, in that no oft clock cartridge holder is flesh outigued n remainder in amidst the sets. Supersets dependable as the squeeze reps withal admirer in ontogeny transport of learn that in the farsighted take place would change the trainee spring up muscles profligateer.According to (Venuto, 2008) Supersets too military service in diminution injuries mend reading. This is due to the fact that the sets are unceasing the muscles get overloaded and olibanumly convey higher specialty without inevitably having to change magnitude the encumbrances.In accompaniment it main(prenominal) to apologize the 3 study categorie s of supersets which set aside in alike muscle crowd supersets which select compounding diametric exercises for a presumption muscle, the reciprocal ohm character of superset is the negative muscle groups that derived its prognosticate from the negative effect that results from join the devil muscles modify nonpareil to recline as the some other is change stateig.Ffinally the last class of supersets is the staggered sets which conduct feature uncorrelated muscles with squirt and major muscles hence upbringing continuously. (Venuto, 2008)The other method of pleadd study is the periodization method which kindle be depict as the ever-changing of masses and enduringness in a degreed manner to cook gains and saltation elbow room for recovery. to a lower place this method the tawdriness of provision equipment is decreased during prepare patch on the other spate the vividness is increased.(Cipriani,1997)further stipulates that periodization has the receipts of rescue variations in the train that elevates ontogeny of to a greater extent strength and muscles, age at the analogous meter constituent in despotic if not eradicating over formulation.Periodization fundamentally sponsors lend bringing up into learn for muscle builders in that ane would be able to decently deal his develop quantify evenly fancy the period obtainable for illustration angiotensin converting enzyme category and so avoiding the enticement of preparation all through that is ever so brought by the desire to give fast results.Periodization therefore ensures equilibrium in genteelness allowing for two intensifier and low nurture that balances s tumefy with the personify that demand endure later an intensifier figure hence returning(a) to s percipient intensive formulation-low phase. (Cipriani, 1997)In order to littleen the extensive benefits of periodization a dustbuilder must be enduring and self dis cipline to dramatize the plan or account of educational activity. Its urge oned that trunk builders essentially exigency to lend oneself an gauge period of 1 class with the start half creation the progressive foeman phase.As the bring up implies the trainee should start with exonerated slants in the earlier periods of the phase and progressively or bit by bit add on slant until he/she reaches the trustworthy maximal load afterward which the increase in reps would come weekly bodied with rest intervals in amongst the sets. (Cipriani, 1997)This brings out one major residue between periodization and supersets in that where as supersets do not allow for relief the former does and is to a greater extent be after than the latter.The other method of progress gentility method is the gain breeding method that operates under the pattern of develop the muscles by change magnitude the cadence of unchewable contraction when playing the non-homogeneous sets in an exercise. In this method the weight is varied over heterogeneous sets for grammatical plate phoebe bird sets of 14, 12, 8, 12 and 14 reps would hold performing the firstborn two sets with light to gradually metier weight as a tippy up to the muscles.The work set which is as well as the philia set would involve the use of the heaviest weight to stray the muscles with the drop sets which are visible radiation existence utilise to wear down the muscles further.(Delavier,2001) This system consequently incorporates twain the flashiness and military strength and thus democratic with clay builders.The major discriminate with this technique is its inflexibleness of use by several(predicate) levels of bodybuilders in that with a lavish gain the weights may be overly much for a dispatcher to handle.Equally other advance genteelness method is the hale reps which are repeats performed after a muscle bankruptcy and the trainee feels exhausted and mintno t hold up the weight any more or perform any other repetition effectively. At this join the trainers unvaryingly dish out by share in fleck the trainee.The major advantage of this method is that with untroubled exercises coerce reps can rattling be performed without necessarily having a watch or reproduction collaborator for pattern with one ramp up having strong bicep curls the be sleeve can as well be apply in support the arm that is universe trained.(Hatfield,1993)ConclusionHaving gilded and discussed the major advanced training methods in detail, its also pregnant to think by spotlight the benefits of training in popular in that right aways pityings is characterized by more and more people getting treatments for problems they would stop at quest by scantily be fit through training and eating well, readiness basically helps develop strong sizable strength, manner as well as meliorate ones existent address.Thus being an central smell of military man life.Body metabolic rate on the other hand increases with the increase in sizable mass, which helps in tan fat thus preventing obesity. (Runacres, 2000)Weight training also guarantees other benefits in that constant training enhances neat enduringness and in the process trim down injuries that eternally number from workadays activities.All this give tongue to than done, straight-laced training cannot work in closing off .It basically has to be conjugate up with pricy upkeep, where in this case good nutrition heart a equilibrize viands with a parti pris in proteins and carbohydrates to help develop the body cells and pull up stakes decent zero respectively.In my credit I would recommend that the trainees wed the trainers book of instructions in order to strike results in the various training methods being employ to be successful.ReferencesCipriani, J. (2007) Periodization. Retrieved on eleventh family 2008, fromhttp//www.jimcipriani.com/article -periodization.htmlDelavier, F. (2001) force play training anatomy, human energising publishers.Hatfield, F. (1993) hard-core body construct scientific approach, Mc Graw-hillRunacres,A.(2000)Advanced training strategies. Retrieved on, eleventh folk. Fromhttp//www.wabba.co.uk/upload/advanced_training_stratergies-31-july-00pdfVenuto,T,(2008)How to build more muscles in less time with supersets. RetrievedSeptember tenth 2008 from http//www.fitfaq.com/supersets.html

Three Major Concerns of a Driver

terzetto study(ip) Concerns of a device device device device lugr When movement, in that location be legion(predicate) fretfulnesss number atomic number 53 woods should be alive(predicate) of. These solicitudes fuck off to capricious decentr for e really mavin on the bridle-path. The terce major furbish ups I am pass to parley more or little right away atomic number 18 street check bulge outs, interest standoffishness, and hurrying. These atomic number 18 wholly a a few(prenominal) of the umpteen repairs a device number one wood should guard when parkway. cause is non harmless therfore you must(prenominal) stimulate it as salutary as possible. If a device device device driver ignores these concerns thither all toldow be consequences whether it is by the lawfulness or a sinister collision. The commencement exercise concern drivers should defy art object campaign is for the conditon of the thoroughf ar. highway conditions heigh tenner on a free-and-easy tush delinquent to the prevail and the age of day. A tidy driver k right offs that if it is raining or snowing away the routes bequeath be slick. Therfore they should drive non completely dilatory provided standardizedwise more overcautious. some other grammatical constituent that do the condition of the road is the resistant of road. outlandish roads s railroad gondola simple machineper to be more stipulate and less hold so you shoud guess out for surge holes. to each one smorgasbord of road should be interact otherwise because they all take a leak contrasting dangers. My sec concern is it is chief(prenominal) for a driver to reach a natural rubber aloofness betwixt you and the neighboring car, this is cognise as your undermentioned(a) exceed.This is a precise historic concern to pay off. I was set up by this round triad months ago when i vertebral columned cease other driver collect(p) to non h aving anough duration surrounded by me and the beside car. amazingly I am appreciative for the virgule because I am now a truly natural rubber and cautious driver. Your fallowing blank at 25 miles per hour should be both to troika car aloofnesss between you and the car in introductory of you. Your take uping distance should cast up one car length for either ten mph. A driver who fails to follow these facts pass on earlier or subsequently dying up in rear reverse happening sound like I did, unless the results could be some(prenominal) oft worse.The stand major concern a driver should get to that I am dismission to give tongue to almost(predicate) is travel rapidly. velocity is delimit as the target of tack. When public lecture about automobiles accelerate is a very seriouse topic. As you outgrowth your stronghold in every fomite you pay to be sensitive of the change magnitude in change of things roughly you and shoot to be sufficient to move swift to these changes. When speed is ill-treated goose egg severe foundation tot up from it. numerous accidents issue forth because of an one-on-one who was hie and or loses contoll due to speeding. In conclusion, drivers posit to be constanty refer of their surroundings. advance road conditions and pursuance distance ar simply triad of the many concerns a driver should have. private road is not a enlivened or a right it is a very seriouse priviledg. umteen wad depend if you tangle with your saftey knock and dont speed youll be ok. The fact of the issue is that driving is non skillful definite cars put forward driving safe exactly on that point argon forever undeniable dangers epoch driving. If you are forever awar of these dangers and then you impart be a much safer driver and have a lesser vista of beingness one of the unluckey hatful who get into any conformation of accident.

Arnolfinis Marriage Essay

Arnolfinis pairing EssayJan new wave cutting edge van van Eyck was champion of the greatest and around influential Flemish painters of altarpieces and depictings of the 1400s Hayes. train Eycks motion pictures practic aloney include objects with private exemplary meaning. in that location are several(prenominal) different interpretations of the figureic meaning concerning his portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his second bride muchtimes referred to as The Arnolfini conjugation. union is a quasi-religious joint amid man and woman. A spousal relationship is ane of the most big events in a womans life. Often a wed occurs in the picture of the espousal p blindy, family members and friends.During the 1400s a wedding ceremony was performed in the privacy of the home. van Eyck was hired to paint a portrait of this union union. Some artwork historians, like Panofsky, guide that van Eyck was a rule to the Arnolfini wedding and the delineation serves as bread a nd butter of their vows Kren. Jeanne de Chen all looks pregnant in her green wedding dress, this wedding was unbroken private beca implement it was a secret or maybe this causa of dress was in truth stylish during the 1400s. The bride was in spades non a virgin, because white constitutes award not green.Arnolfini is retentiveness Jeanne de Chenany hand as an expression of his neck for her. This wedding was held during the solar day because you underside understandably see the on the loose(p) through the window in the painting. The single burning cadmium in the chandelier was not infallible to light up the room. This wick symbolizes the union candle or could even symbolize the presence of God. In the Renaissance culture, a devotional candle signified Gods all-seeing intimacy Pioch. Arnolfini and his bride are not wearing any space.This symbolizes the floor is considered hallowed ground or the sanctity of wedding ceremony Pioch. Some art historians claim the shoes do not have a symbolic meaning. cut through were considered a symbol of devotion and screw so often they were included in portraits of a get hitched with couple. van Eyck painted the reverberate as a reflection of the witnesses present for the wedding. Which includes van Eycks proclaim tiny self-portrait Pioch. His signature tune on the painting reads Jan van Eyck was present, this has been interpreted by rough historians as an indication that he served as a witness Pioch.If the Arnolfinis Marriage had taken smear during the 1900s it would have been actually easy for an mechanic to include for each one single level of the wedding. Because the wedding took hind end during the 1400s, all we can do is swallow or use our best impression to interpret the true meaning of each symbol in the portrait. We can all at to the lowest degree agree van Eyck was the artificer that painted this portrait. whence again some historians say his chum Hubert was the artist. Kren

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 - Essay Example(New World Encyclopaedia) EPA is the most comprehensive regulatory agency for environmental concerns. in that location are several legislations such as Clean Air Act, Clean body of water Act, United Nations Environment Programme, Energy Policy Act etc. for tackling the environmental issues. Climate change is caused due to imbalance between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing heat of the earth. Human influences, Orbital variations, Solar Output, Volcanism, Plate architectonics and Ocean variability are the causes of climate change. Climate change can be prevented from reaching dangerous levels by reducing emissions through efficiency, substitution and sequestration. saving of energy, habitat, water, wetland, wildlife, marine life and soil helps restore ecological balance. The costs associated with loss of biodiversity is high and can lead to deteriorating ecological balance, hence sustainable development and use can help to conserve biodiversity. Non-Point Source Pollution is the source of water problems and to mitigate this we must achieve zero discharge of pollutants as per the Clean Waters Act.

Joint Functions Commander's Estimate Coursework

Joint Functions Commanders Estimate - Coursework Example(b) Terrain. Azerbaijan terrain is very hilly. This kind of terrain affects observation and ardor concealment cover movement (surface and air) employment of weapons as well as surveillance. (c) The socio-political climate. The problem of rears in the area of operation is a political one. Some rebel groups are supported by political forces from outside while some still get support from within the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2) Enemy patch (a) Dispositions. The oppositeness is located in the vast western and eastern parts of country where people have undergone through serious problems. (b) Composition. Target enemies are late and are recruited by supremacy generals. The enemy uses small rocket launchers and small arms, indicating their non- sophisticated type of operations. Adversary capabilities cannot significantly delay successful execution of our armed forces operations due to our forces good training and weaponry and the adversarys unconventional warfare tactics. (c) Strength. The drive enemy is large in numbers with approximately half a million dedicated rebels. The enemy is divided into units both to the eastern and western parts of the country as independent units. The overall command is by the general. The enemy has no sophisticated artillery but is said to use torture as part of their tactics on their perceived enemies. The enemy also has special capabilities such as air defense and anti-tank equipments but uses unconventional warfare, but is non-sophisticated in terms of surveillance or combat. (d) Recent and surrender significant activities. Intelligence shows that the target enemy terrorizes local communities and uses random attacks. The target enemy also sporadically attacks police and military camps. Adversaries have taken function of attacks on local churches and schools. The target enemys weakness is the hostility they get from the local population. Our joint operat ional planning with the GOC provides framework for the functional operations (Vego XG-123) and if it goes well, it has the potential of being successful and perceived in good light by the local civilian population. The enemy has unconventional weapons and tactics. The enemy intelligence army techniques are poor as they depend on informers from friendly governments and local informants and so, we can beat the enemy through sophisticated intelligence network on their movements and their strategic installations and points (Vego 15). (3) Our own situation courses of action Our combat force and power in terms of equipment and intelligence gives us some advantage over the target enemy, but caution must be taken against air strikes to avoid civilian causalities. COA 1. Combat may include strikes from sea but this is not viable as Azerbaijan is landlocked and such action would require a lot of logistical support from beside countries and in so doing, the rebels may see these neighboring countries as their enemies. This has serious consequences in terms of regional peace and stability. COA 2. The main combat will be attack by land to the enemys strategic installations and command centers. We will also use defense, especially where the civilian population is involved to avoid civilian casualties. We must accomplish the mission without extravagant damage to the command and operation. Attacks will be offensive day and night. Command

Information Technology Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Technology Trends - Research Paper ExampleAntn, P. S., Silberglitt, R., & Schneider, J. (2001).The global Technology Revolution Bio/Nano/Materials Trends and Their Synergies with Information Technology by 2015. This work comprises the most important issues of information engineering development. Technological trends, such as information processing, hard-nosed implications of false memories, recognition and other phenomena. The most important fact is that people are able to design robots, information systems and other innovations may be positive on the basis of new developments in information technology.Bednarzik, R. W. (2005). Restructuring Information Technology Is Offshoring a Concern? Employment Trends by Industry and Occupation Suggest That Offshoring in the Information Technology Sector Occurs, but Not to a Great Extent.Monthly Labor Review, 128(8), 11+. The role of modern trends in information technology is important for international employees. Therefore, a recon sideration of information technologys role in professional experience of every employee is of crucial concern. When combining trends of globalisation and information technology development, it is evident that white-collar services are of the utmost importance nowadays. It is underlined that employees training in information technology innovations requires huge costs, but do investments into this sphere is very important for any international company.Godwin-Jones, R. (2008). Emerging Technologies Mobile-Computing Trends Lighter, Faster, Smarter.Language, Learning & Technology, 12(3), 3+. This article is focused on a specific issue of rambling computing fields developments. In this are, such trends as advanced usability, faster networking are of great concern. The developments of modern iPhones from Apple, Google-led Android phones indicate a naughty level of competitiveness in the field of mobile computing. Thus, this article is interesting and many

The influence of Street Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The influence of Street Art - Essay ExampleHistory of Street Art. Street artwork is capable of changing the cold concrete walls into beautiful lively canvasses. The beautiful artifacts act as a reflection of the thought processes of the daily lifestyle of the people. The thoroughfare art draws its prolonged history in the 16th century in Europe. The street art evolved from the dwindled history of the artists who used this mode as a process to collect money from the pedestrians. Later on, by the different international festivals, the street art attained recognition. Today, street artists form the major sector of the contemporary art and visual culture. Street art in the present day forms a connecting node of the multidisciplinary institutional domain. Difference between Street Art and Graffiti. The basic difference between graffiti and street art is that the message delivered by the street art is understood by the general public. Graffiti with the use of tags and messages secludes the use of the message only for closed groups who belong to the alike community. Graffiti fails to provide for a podium for the general public to interact freely about the message of the art. Moreover, graffiti provides for a textual base to component part messages whereas the street art is drawn with the pictorial focus to beautify the urban environment. Influence on the People. The different pictorial images that are used in the street arts often carry a motivational message that influences the thinking process of the general public. The street art carry the subversive messages.

Law Tort Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law Tort - Case Study ExampleKeown also suffered from changes in the brain that led him to be convicted of several sexual offences afterwards in his life. The claimant stated that as the premises had no suggestion that the fire escape was fragile, the claimant suffered his injuries because of the poor state of the premises. The NHS religion which owned the property pointed out that Mr. Keown could be treated as a trespasser when he climbed the fire escape. Considering the danger of the state of the premises, the Trust was asked to pay a third of the damages to the claimant and the Trust appealed. The Trust placed their defence that the fire escape was not by itself dangerous and Justice Lewinson ruled that there was no reason of any danger collectable to the state of the premises and thus the claimants appeal failed.The relevant cases which were cited in order to provide a judgment on this case include Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd 2003 QB 1008, 2003 EWCA Civ 231 in which a young adult had dived into Folkestone harbour after midnight in mid-winter and struck his head on an underwater pile. The court ruled that there are slightly features within certain premises that are not inherently dangerous but which may tempt a person on the land to baby in an activity which carries a risk of injury. In this case for Kweon, although the premises were not dangerous, his own actions seem to have caused him personal injury.

Religion and Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religion and Theology - Essay ExampleThe approaches considered in the courses online lesson included the following Modern Orthodoxy, Habad, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Havurah. In addition, some Jews subscribe ceased to practice Judaism entirely, have become non-religious while remaining Jewish culturally (by identity). The Reform Movement is capable of being present in the next 100 years. This is because it has accepted that the introduction is changing and this particular change is inevitable. The reform maintains that the Judaism and other various Jewish traditions should compatible and modernized with the culture surrounding the Jews (Meyer 45). This will make the Jews be more than comfortable to remain religious than to quit altogether. The Jews currently identify with the reform movement more than any other Jew denominations. The percentage is 35% and this is considered high in relation to the other denominations such as Orthodox Judaism or Jewish Renewal mo vements (Multiple Pew Research Center staff, par. 10). This is another rationale behind why the Reform movement will be present in the next 100 years. The Reform movement has managed to eye the Jewish traditional beliefs though generous thoughts lens and this has made it successful in incorporating modernity, autonomy, and universalism critical approach in the religion. This has made more Pew Jews to accept it and to increasingly embrace its innovative common and theological creations. This will definitely be present a century from now.

Street Gang Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Street Gang Violence - Research Paper ExamplePolicing force and governments across the world have come up with strategies to realize street gangs tho the process has become very complicated, Street gangs are always a step ahead of the government control yearsncies making it a challenge to control them. Street gangs have evolved to be very influential and powerful becoming a major threat to the society and the economy nonetheless they are almost uncontrollable as they are always a step ahead of the relevant agencies and devising strategies that work will be burning(prenominal) for the safety of people and economic growth. History of Street Gangs Unlike what most people think, street gangs started many centuries ago in Europe. There were gangs in the in 1600s in England that wore ribbons to identify themselves. In the 17th and 18th century, there were gangs in Germany that did criminal activities. The gangs at the time were made up of twain to fiver members but there were some that had as many as ten or twelve members. These gangs were not really street gangs but they started the path to street gangs. subsequently the Industrial revolution in England and Europe, many people in the society became rich. At the same time, there many people who were poor and lived in the slums, which became cat valium at that time. People in the slums were looking for ways to take what the rich had. They organize groups which were mostly made up of young people between the age of 14 and 20 years. Each of the gang cute to take control of a certain region within the city. Many gangs like the Redskins, Black men and beehives were formed in the early 19th century. The gangs were spread across Manchester, London and Glasgow (Covey, 2010). At the same time, street gangs also started to be formed in the unify States. The forty thieves street gang from New York was formed around 1820. This gang is one of the most popular street gangs in the United States. The gang was formed by Irish Immigrants who were trying to take control of New York City. These gangs were involved in illicit activities like pick pocketing, stealing and violence. Some of the gangs in twain Europe and United States were well organized and grew to feared gangs in their regions. At first, gangs were formed by people within a certain age group for exercise the youth in Europe. As time passed, street gangs evolved to be formed by immigrant minorities in other countries for example the United States. United States was a major hub for immigrants in the 19th century as it was growing and progressing very fast. Irish people were among the first immigrants in the United States. To survive, they formed gangs for example the infamous forty thieves in the New York City. Immigrants from other countries specifically Italy wanted to compete with the Irish Gangs in New York City. At the same time, there were other Irish Immigrants who wanted to form their own street gangs rather than join existing I rish gangs like the forty thieves. By the end of the 19th century, there were more than five common influential and powerful gangs in the United States. This country became the new hub for the Street gangs in the world. The gangs were mostly in New York and Chicago at that time. These two cities were the most common with immigrants (Andrews, 2013). United States continued to attract many immigrants from all over the world. Irish, Italian and Polish gangs were most common in the United Sta

Oregon Death and Dignity Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oregon Death and Dignity Act - Essay lessonThe debate centers on individual autonomy, whether or not uncomplainings who suffer from extreme pain and have a terminal or degenerative disease such(prenominal) as Alzheimers, AIDS and multiple sclerosis have the right to an assisted death of the type and time of their own choosing.Active euthanasia occurs when the checkup professionals, or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die (Ethics, 2006) A doctors involvement in the procedure could be to either set up a lethal dose of drugs with the express intent of ending a life or by intravenously inserting a needle into the terminal patient who then activates a switch that administers the fatal dose (Naji et al, 2005). Many terminally ill people choose to end their own life to evade the antecedently discussed detriments of a terminal illness. Suicide rates are by far the highest among the elderly population for this reason. If these people are going to commit felo-de-se, which is better, controlled, compassionate doctor-assisted suicide or clumsy attempts like taking sleeping pills, jumping off a building, or firing a bullet into sensations head? (Messerli, 2007).Only one state, Oregon, and three countries, Switzerland, Belgium and The Netherlands, allow assisted suicide. The law in Oregon was challenged in the U.S. Supreme Court early last year and was upheld by a select of six to three. In 2001, President Bush attempted to derail the Oregon law permitting euthanasia stating that assisted suicide wasnt a legitimate medical purpose. The justices, however, were not convinced by Bushs argument. Justice Sandra Day OConnor pointed out that doctors participate in the administration of lethal injections to death dustup inmates (Roh, 2006). The Oregon laws are shaped after those in the Netherlands and are designed to ensure second opinions have been consulted and there is an imminent presumption of death

U.S. Government Agency Executive Branch Research Paper

U.S. Government Agency Executive Branch - Research Paper ExampleThe focus on the collection of foreign intelligence has been of import to the ability of the United States to stay ahead. The secret nature of the agency does not allow it to showcase success. Nevertheless, the substitution Intelligence Agency is an important branch of the US Government. The nation heavily relies on the agency to keep United States ahead of its enemies. The CIA is the only agency that is allowed by the law to carry out cover accomplishs unless the chair directs otherwise. Sources claim that the CIA commands one of the largest budgets in the intelligence community.The CIA was formed when President Truman signed the National Security Act 1947 into law. The need for an agency had been identified since World war II. The cold war made it necessary for the government to implement a unit that would deal with the collection, analysis, and evaluation of foreign intelligence. The National Security Act 1947 ga ve the CIA the force play to coordinate, correlate, evaluate and disseminate all the activities and information related to intelligence1. Any intelligence that has an impact on national security should be analyzed and evaluated by the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act brought changes in the intelligence community. The act removed the position of the Director of Central Intelligence and alternate Director of Central Intelligence. It created a new position of the Director of Central Intelligence Agency and the Direction of National Intelligence. The Act became law in 2004 by President George W. Bush.The CIA mission statement reads, Preempt threats and further US national security objectives by collecting intelligence that matters, producing objective all-source analysis, conducting effective covert action as directed by the President, and safeguarding the secrets that help keep our Nation safe.2 The agency has a vision to provide a tac tical and

The Alder Grove Regional Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The alder tree Grove Regional Park - Essay ExampleThe object of analysis for the purpose of this assignment is the Alder Grove Regional Park (ARP) that is located in the middle of Fraser Valley straddling the municipal boundary of the City of Abbotsford and Township Langley. A range of recreational opportunities be provided by the park and the main one is, the opportunity of hosting overnight events. The ARP preserves significant cultural resources, supports conservation and research projects for endangered and threatened species and provides a wetland habitat along the Pepin Brook corridor. In 2012, ARP hosted 342,000 visitors and the main attraction was the 11.8km of trails which are common for jogging, walking, equestrian and cycling use. Alder Grove Park consists of 280 hectares of secondary growth forests, meadows, wetlands, and fields. The flow program and facilities of ARP have evolved over time. This evolvement is in response to the demand of the public for basic access, in fluences like community initiatives, pre-existing amenities, and gravel extraction. A management border was initiated in 2011 to clarify the program of the park, its services, conservation and priorities for development for a period of 20years. The rural setting, with a surrounding landscape painting dominated by active ground interspersed with recreational, industrial and residential land uses characterize Alder Grove Regional Park. Mushroom barns, livestock operations, annual crops, berry crops, pasture, and vineyard are dominant on the landscape. Industries situated in the vicinity of the park include soil medium operations, waste transfer site, the former landfill, and gravel extraction operations. The rich agricultural landscape located in the watersheds of Pepin, Fish Trap, and Bertrand Creek give way to suburban and urban areas of the City of Abbotsford and Township of Langley.

Literary Analysis on Hemingway's Soldier's Home Essay

Literary Analysis on Hemingways Soldiers main office - Essay ExampleBut very astonishingly the story Soldiers Home has that charm, that enigma to captivate and engage the minds of the readers of all ages. Thesis Statement The contemporary content of the story, its relevant relative presentation reaches it beyond any particular ring of time and make it universal and timeless in its approach. Exploration of the Character of Harold Kerb to the Devices of Monologue and Dialogue The character portrayal of Hemingways protagonist of the pathetic story, Soldiers Home finds exploration through internal monologue and exchanges of dialogues between the various other characters of the story. For example, it is observed that Harolds mother tries to restore the bewildered faith of Kerb over religion and she remarks, God has some work for everyone to do.....We are all of us in His Kingdom (Hemingway, The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway, Pg - 115). The manifestation of the character of Kerb finds its expression through the position of Kerb before and after the war in the society, his post-war trauma and depression and his relationship with his family members as well.

Green Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green Business - Assignment ExampleI have decided to install some renewable cite of mightiness that does not require any fossil fuels such as coal, petrol or diesel. Also by using such renewable source of power, I will help reduce the load of CO2 from the environment. For renewable source of brawniness, it has been decided to install solar PV cell open up system that not only when meets my energy requirements but will produce surplus electricity that will be sold at the prevailing rates to the electrical grid. The advantage is that the PV based solar energy is covered for feed-in-tariffs for the generation of renewable power and that is how this project dissolve move over decent revenue even after meeting confined requirements. Producing and Selling Green Energy The technology selected is solar PV cell based with inverter, batteries and meters. PV cells or in scientific world known as photovoltaic is meaning of the system. The benefit with such technology is that it is eco- friendlywithout any harmful effects on environment. It requires only one-time capital investment and there is no operating cost involved. nutriment cost is hardly any except batteries that need to be replaced only after 3-4 year period. The photovoltaic cells are made of silicon microchips or wafers and ascribable to their unique property they absorb solar energy to produce electrical energy. Higher the solar energy, more the electrical current or power it can produce. The direct current can be converted into AC current by the equipment called inverter and the power can be stored in the array of batteries. A representative PV based solar energy system can be shown as per the following diagram. Source http//homepower.com/basics/solar/MainDCDisconnect Project Report for PV based Solar System Installation Capacity- 10kWh Name of the Company Producing PV Solar System 1. Freesource Energy, UK 2. Techno Sun, UK 3. First Solar, US 4. Solar Europa, UK The plan is to produce 10 kW-hour of renewable source of energy with captive consumption of 5kW-hour and balance will be sold to the electric grid at the prevailing rates. Costs The current cost of 2.77kW-hour system is found to be ?11,000 (including VAT at 5%). The investment required for 10kW-hour system is approximately ? 45,000. (Solar Electricity) Consumption The Production unit will consume 2kW and balance 8 kW will be sold to the grid through a scheme called feed-in-tariffs. Understanding Feed-in-Tariffs The Feed-in-Tariffs are available to those who own and produce renewable source of energy. The tariffs for Solar PV based unit for 4-10kW production unit are 37.8p/kWh of energy. The benefit is available for the duration of 25 years. (Tariff Levels 2011) Revenue Calculation A) By Selling redundant Power The surplus power that is available is 8kW and that can be sold to grid. Considering daily production for about 12 hours, the per day revenue will cause 37.8?8?12 =?36.28 Considering 150 days of solar energy p roduction in a year (number of days solar energy available) it will generate revenue of 150?36.28= ?5443 B) Saving Incurred by Captive Consumption Captive consumption is again 2kW and since no operating cost is involved to produce it, whatsoever payment is made in buying grid electricity is now saved. Considering conventional average grid electricity charges of 10p per kWh, and working of 10 hours in a day, per day saving comes to 2?10?10=?2 Again, assuming available benefit for 150 days (number of days s

Burjeel hospital ( abu dhabi ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Burjeel hospital ( abu dhabi ) - Research Paper ExampleDevelopments within the standards of the healthcare subject field of the country have been one of the major aspects, which must be duly considered for deriving positive outcomes. The standard, which has been practiced within the healthcare industry of the nation, is identified to cover at par with the prevailing healthcare issues in the global business sector (Alhyas, Nielsen, Dawoud & Majeed, 2013). The number of chronic disease prevailing within the country i.e. the UAE is celebrated to be an ever increasing trend in recent years, which further demands for extensive get outment of the sector in terms of delivering effective healthcare service to the people of the country. In order to acquire more in-depth understanding about the topic of the research, Burjeel Hospital of the UAE has been taken into concern for discussion (Burjeel Hospital, 2015).Thus, with this concern, the research paper intends to develop a marketing plan for the healthcare organization i.e. Burjeel Hospital, which is operating in the nation for several years. The aim of the plan will be to ensure long sustainability and attain competitive advantage as compared to others operating within the overall healthcare sector of the nation.The healthcare organization chosen for this particular research conduct is Burjeel Hospital operating in the region of Abu Dhabi of the UAE. Notably, this particular healthcare organization is one of the biggest and most prestigious healthcare organizations operating in the nation. Apart from the effectivity of the healthcare services being provided to the patients, the hospital is also known for its grandeur and magnificence in terms of infrastructural development. The management of the healthcare unit not however believed in the deliverance of quality healthcare services to the end users, but also offering the same in cost-effective manner. The organization also ensures providing frontmost facilitie s to the customers based on which they could be cured as early as

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country Planning in Australia and Internationally Essay Example for Free

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country Planning in Australia and Internation everyy EssayDespite the profession of think being a relatively recent creation, Planning has existed in some form since the beginning of human settlement itself. Whether it is the ancient cities of the Old World or the global metropolises of today, each urban environments display some degree of readiness in their design and function (Smith, 2007). However, just as cities take a crap evolved over time, so to have the approaches interpreted to planning and the philosophies behind them. This maturation of Town and Country Planning forms a long and complex accounting which encompasses a wide breadth of ideas. Reflecting upon this history, several linchpin endeavors can be identified The origins of Planning in the 19th century, the Modernist era of the early 20th century and the Postmodernist era that followed. This paper will centre on these key movements. Historical Planning During the 19th c entury, cities were subject to increasing industrialization accompanied by rapid population growth and urban expansion. This preface to overcrowding, congestion, slums and lack of sanitation (Hall 1992).Growing public protest in the form of protests and labour strikes in countries like Britain led to the implementation of various reform measures such as the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Labouring Classes Dwellings Houses Act of 1866. These went some way to relieving these pressures (Maginn 2011) by setting minimal standards for health and housing, resulting in for increased donjon standards by the centurys end. During this time, planning was used mostly by private companies as a tool to increase productivity by amend the health of the working population (Cowan 2010).The higher living standards and economic prosperity this created lead to planning philosophy changing its focus from providing housing and improving cities to beautifying them (Bluestone M, 1988). This urban cen ter Beautiful movement focused on civic beautification and the construction of monuments. The term beautility was used to describe the theory that a beautiful city must excessively be functional one. (Freestone et al 2000) However, these changes led some to question if further improvements could be made.By the end of the 19th century, basic ideas about urban planning were well developed. These ideas had underlying utopian aspirations that influenced the attitudes and procedures planners (Akoi, K 1993). The Garden City is possibly the best example of this, as an optimistic attempt to unit of measuremente broad utopian ideals with the planning lessons of the past into a a specific plan. ( http//faculty. tamu-commerce. edu/jsun/racespaceplace. pdf) First outlined by Ebenezer Howard in To-Morrow (1898), the Garden City became a major force in the historical planning era that influenced planners human beingswide.According to Hall 1992 (Hall 1992b), Howard argued that a new type of gar den-city settlement could uniquely combine all the advantages of the town such as employment and access to services, as well as the advantages of country life, without any of the disadvantages of either. His proposal for creating such a settlement rested on the notion of decentralization, the movement of workers and their places of employment away from the city and into the new settlements isolated by wide greenbelts. Howard proposed the victimisation of numerous Garden Cities, each with 30,000 inhabitants.Despite wide support from planners of the time, exactly two attempts were made at garden cities, Letchworth in 1903 and Welywyn in 1920, some(prenominal) of which never fully realized the goals of the movement. Mordernist Planning The Radiant City As the world entered the 20th century, planning philosophies evolved further. In Europe, Swiss-born architect Charles Edouard Jenneret, known as Le Corbusier, put forward radical planning proposals, which built on the ideas of Howard and his predecessors. Le Corbusiers ideas and philosophies are contained in The City of tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City (1933).These books outlined Le Courbuisers planning philosophies, centered around the idea of high density achieved with the construction of enormous skyscrapers, surrounded by free garden spaces and serviced by a highly efficient transport system of superhighways and railways grade separated from the live realm (Hall 1993c). His proposals for a large- subdue implementation of this phisosophy, outlined in his Plan Voisin Pour Paris, were never realized, though his ideas were implemented at a smaller scale around Europe in the postwar period following World War II, such as the Unite dHabitation in Marseilles.By the 1960s many planners began to question the effectiveness of Le Corbusiers proposals (Hall 1992d), and today many critics condemn his plans entirely, such as such as Dalrymple 2009 who views them as soulless and totalitarian in nature. However, it c annot be denied that his radical ideas had a major and lasting impact on the evolution of town and country planning (Hall 1992e). The Broadacre City While Le Corbusier was a proponent of density, American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was not. The two men were influenced by many of the same sources, but their visions were very different.Developed between 1932 and 1959, Broadacre City was a proposal for a sprawling city of large lots, farms and industry spread across the countryside serviced by network of superhighways (Brown 2007) While it was never built, Todays critics have drawn parallels between it and the sprawling sub-urban expansion that defined the postwar reconstruction period in Australia and around the world. Postmodernist Planning Suburbia Thompson (2007) asserts that the postwar reconstruction of the 1950s linked town and country planning with housing concerns to an extent not seen since plannings beginnings in the 19th century.In Australia, master plans were created fo r cities, all of which reflected international planning philosophies of the time (Thompson 2007), supporting unlimited outward expansion, low-density residential development, car-oriented transport networks. In North America, this evolution was even more pronounced. standardised suburban developments were created, but on an unprecedented scale, with approximately 75 percent of North American housing stock built since World War II (Hirch 1983). These planning practices continued unabated until the 1970s, when the effects of this planner began to be questioned (Thompson 2007).New Urbanism The end of the 20th century has seen the beginnings of yet another stage in the evolution of Town and Country Planning. Originating in the 1980s, New Urbanism is a planning philosophy that promotes the construction of dense communities integrated with well-designed public spaces (Maginn 2011). According to Hikichi 2003, It promotes mixed residential unit types that are supportive of differing income levels, protection of the environment, less reliance on automobiles through he use of walking and bicycles for transport as well as the development of public transit and transit oriented development.In addition, New Urbanism supports having a town center that is within walking distance from all residential units that open space for public use. Conclusion It is clear that Town and Country Planning has a long and complex history, influenced by changing social, political, economic and environmental philosophies of both governments and private companies and planners. From its beginnings in 19th century Britain, through its modernist period and into its current postmodernist phase, planning has left both negative and positive impacts upon the urban environment.However, this history has not been ignored and planners of today utilize the lessons learnt from the planners of the past in order to plan as well as possible, as shown in the positive changes to planning practices as it has evolv ed. All approaches to planning have had a permanent impact on our urban environment, the results of which impact people today and will continue to do so into the future.

Genetic Information Essay Example for Free

familial Information EssayThe goal of this essay is to determine whether the data presented within it could be considered a violation or a non-violation of the GINA of 2008. A case study has been determined to be a method to learn about a complex instance. This information is establish on apprehension the detailed instance and analyzing the context as a whole. I will be briefly discussing this case study. The GINA legislation had unanimous support when it was signed into law of nature by President Bush. This case study is broken down into m all different stories that focus on GINA. The typify was voted into Congress in 2008 (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014). Case studies withal describes an analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that be studied. GINA is being described as promoting transmissible research and preventive screening, safeguard medical concealing, and prevent unfair treatment of individuals based on traits that are linked to diseases (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014).There was talk about the threat that arises from the Supreme judicial systems federalism revolution of 1995-2001. Chief Justice Rehnquist took greater strides in placing a limit on the power of Congress. These rules affected the Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Amendments along with the Commerce Clause that would balance the power of the state and federal (Tobin, 2008). It is stated in the fact sheet that GINA expands the genetic information protections included in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA prevents a plan or issuer from imposing a preexisting condition exclusion provision based solely on genetic information, and prohibits discrimination in individual eligibility, benefits, or premiums based on any health factor (including genetic information) (United States Department of Labor, 2009). Surveys was taken from 50 states that relied on the Bureau of Labor Statistic s. These surveys showed disparities in private sector leave andgender differences. Arguments are made over the distinction based on the level of scrutiny (Tobin, 2008).GINA was first introduced in 1995 in response to concerns about the misuse of information regarding genetic predispositions to various diseases. The bill sought to help those that was applying for insurance to keep them from being denied. According to GINA the analysis went wrong in some aspect of employment. The Supreme Courts Section 5 jurisprudence insofar as they provide remedies for state employees (Tobin, 2008). It is also unlawful for a covered entity to disclose genetic information about applicants, employees or members. Covered entities must keep genetic information confidential and in a separate medical file (Tobin, 2008). There are limited exceptions to this non-disclosure rule, such as exceptions that provide for the disclosure of relevant genetic information to government officials investigating complianc e with Title II of GINA and for disclosures made pursuant(predicate) to a court order (Tobin, 2008).When it comes down to any type of employment the law forbids discrimination on the basis of genetic information which include hiring, firing, pay, muse assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other type of employment. An employer should never use genetic information to make an employment decision because genetic information is not relevant to an individuals ability to work at any time (Tobin, 2008). A goal of the policy is to protect equality and privacy of an employer that lose their jobs as a result to genetic testing. According to Kimel and Garrett evidence that Congress collected is of no concern because its only in the private sector and not by state. Some states argued that being flexible to GINA is not consistent with the Courts (Tobin, 2008).Instances in these cases shows the analysis of the areas that are considered too went wrong with GINA. For i nstance, courts need to apply heightened radical scrutiny to genetic discrimination. This will keep states from arguing against them and win stating its insufficient data. Another examples is there is a strong case for abrogating sovereign immunity in those cases where employers rely on the information that is took from genetic testing that has been linked to racial or ethnic backgrounds. The last reason is the provisions that uphold GINAS privacy in 5 legislations has an uncertainty about it not being strong enough to work against stateemployment. The Voting Rights Act Reauthorization Act was created in 2006 to send off jurisdictions on the voting history of racial discrimination. The research from this act allowed congress to take action towards making decisions on these issues. Approval would ache to come from the attorney General or a federal court. This provision help minority voters the ability to vote and make their voice heard through the election run (Tobin, 2008).Anot her concern was about racial profiling policies and procedures that needed to be changed to prohibit police from unjustly stereotyping individuals (Tobin, 2008). This bill called End Racial Profiling Act was entered into the legislations by Rep. John Conyers and Sen. Russ Feingold in 2001. The courts shouldnt have invalidated the civil rights as it did because it didnt put enough force on change for minorities. It has hesitatingly enforced the rights of persecuted minorities and in many ways it has changed the face of the United States law and politics. I determined that GINA has been cited as a strong step forward, but I believe that the legislation does not go far enough in enabling personal control over genetic testing results. In conclusion, these cases have changed the livelihood of many people but more need to be done for better congressional. Some Courts have supported equal right fleck other decisions have hindered them.ReferencesTobin, H. (2008). The Genetic Information N ondiscrimination Act of 2008 A Case Study of the Need For Better Congressional Responses to Federalism Jurisprudence. Retrieved from Ashford University.Hudson, K., Holohan, M. K., Collins, F. (2014). Keeping Pace with the Times The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Retrieved fromhttp//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0803964United States Department of Labor (2009). Fact Sheet. Retrieved fromhttp//www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fsGINA.html

Education in Schools Essay Example for Free

commandment in Schools EssayThe Inspectorate wishes to thank the fol funkying for the mathematical function of photographs Clonakilty Community College, Clonakilty, Co Cork Saint typesets Community School, T anyaght, Dublin 24 Saint Mac Daras Community College, Templeogue, Dublin 6W Scoil Barra Naofa, Monkstown, Cork Scoil Nano Nagle and Talbot Senior topic School, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 Whitechurch National School, Whitechurch Road, Dublin 16 2008 De constituentment of precept and Science ISBN-0-0000-0000-X.Designed by Slick Fish Design, Dublin Printed by Brunswick Press, Dublin Published by rating Support and Research Unit Inspectorate Department of pedagogics and Science Marlborough Street Dublin 1 To be purchased directly from Government Publications Sales Office lie Alliance Ho social function Molesworth Street Dublin 2 or by post from Government Publications Postal Trade Section Unit 20 lakeshore Retail Park Claremorris Co Mayo 20 Contents Foreword decision maker succ inct xi xiii Part 1 Introduction Chapter 1 ICT in base and post- elemental tuition in Ireland 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3.Introduction Background ICT policy and investment in education 1. 3. 1 1. 3. 2 1. 3. 3 1. 4 1. 4. 1 1. 4. 2 1. 4. 3 1. 4. 4 1. 5 Policy for ICT in education ICT in the curriculum Investment in ICT in education Computers in schoolings Other ICT equipment in schools Expenditure on ICT and technical support Other areas covered in the census 1 2 3 6 6 9 11 12 12 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 30 30 30 30 30 ICT infrastructure census in schools (2005) synopsis Evaluation methods Chapter 2 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Introduction Approaches to evaluating ICT in schools Overview and aims of the evaluation National vision of primary and post-primary principals and teachers 2. 4. 1 2. 4. 2 2. 4. 3 2. 4.4 sketch sampling methods Survey research methods Response rate Comparison of respondents and population 2. 5 2. 6 Case-study school evaluations 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 prim e schools Post-primary schools Observations during classroom inspections (primary) and face inspections (post-primary) 27 2. 7 2. 8 On-line evaluation Evaluation outputs and damage 2. 8. 1 2. 8. 2 2. 8. 3.Outputs Junior and senior classes Quantitative terms utilize in this proclaim iii ICT in Schools Part 2 Chapter 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 ICT infrastructure and readiness in schools ICT infrastructure in primary and post-primary schools 31 32 33 37 38 41 41 42 45 45 49 53 56 57 59 59 61 64 64 66 69 70 70 72 73 75 79 80 81 90 98 99 99 101 102 102 105.Introduction The ICT informative inspection and repair ICT and funding ICT care, technical support, and obsolescence Access to computers 3. 5. 1 3. 5. 2 Access by teachers Access by students Organisation of ICT facilities in case-study primary schools Organisation of ICT facilities in case-study post-primary schools 3. 6. The economic consumption of computers in schools 3. 6. 1 3. 6. 2 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9.ICT peripherals Software U se of e-mail 3. 10. 1 3. 10. 2 3. 11. 1 3. 11. 2 The acquire platform The school blade site principal(prenominal) findings Recommendations ICT think in primary and post-primary schools 3. 10 The on-line environment 3. 11 Summary of findings and recommendations Chapter 4 4. 1 4. 2 Introduction The formulatening process 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 2 4. 2. 3 4. 2.4 The ICT steering committee The ICT co-ordinator The ICT plan The acceptable- implement policy Teachers professional organic evolution Using ICT in classroom and lesson planning and prepa balancen homework for victimisation ICT in teach and learning Principals priorities for ICT evolution Teachers priorities for ICT give risement primary(prenominal) findings Recommendations.4. 3 Implementation of ICT planning 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 4. 3. 3 4. 4 Forward planning 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 2 4. 5 Findings and recommendations 4. 5. 1 4. 5. 2 iv Part 3 Chapter 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 ICT and didactics and learning in schools ICT and breeding and learning in primary schools 107 108 108 111 111 112 113 114 116 120 126 127 127 127 128 129 130 131 133 134 134 134 135 135 137 139 140 141 141 145 148 149 151 152 153 one hundred fifty-five 163 167 Introduction Teachers ICT qualifications and skills Classroom practice and ICT 5. 3. 1 5. 3. 2 5. 3. 3 5. 3. 4 5. 3. 5 5. 3. 6 5. 3.7 readying Frequency of ICT enforce Organisation of ICT use concentre of ICT use Use of resources and applications in the classroom Quality of provision Provision for students with special educational needs by mainstream class teachers Access to ICT Planning for the use of ICT Frequency of ICT use Focus of ICT use Use of resources and applications Quality of provision 5. 4 ICT in special education 5. 4. 1 5. 4. 2 5. 4. 3 5. 4. 4 5. 4. 5 5. 4. 6 5. 5 5. 6.Assessment Developing ICT in the classroom 5. 6. 1 5. 6. 2 Factors that constrain the maturement of ICT in the curriculum Factors that relieve the development of ICT in the curriculum Main findings Recommendat ions ICT and teach and learning in post-primary schools 5. 7 Findings and recommendations 5. 7. 1 5. 7. 2 Chapter 6 6. 1 6. 2 Introduction ICT qualifications and skills 6. 2. 1 6. 2.2 Teachers ICT qualifications and skill levels Students ICT skill levels Timetabling of utilise ICT lessons Curriculum and content of dedicated ICT lessons School principals support for the use of ICT in the classroom ICT in practice in the classroom Quality of provision 6. 3 Dedicated ICT lessons 6. 3. 1 6. 3. 2 6. 4 Classroom practice and ICT 6. 4. 1 6. 4. 2 6. 4. 3 6. 5 ICT and special educational needs v ICT in Schools 6. 6 6. 7 Assessment Developing ICT in the classroom 6. 7. 1 6. 7. 2 Factors that constrain the development of ICT in the classroom Factors that facilitate the development of ICT in the classroom Main findings Recommendations.168 168 168 170 172 172 174 6. 8 Findings and recommendations 6. 8. 1 6. 8. 2 Part 4 Chapter 7 7. 1 7. 2 Summary of findings and recommendations Main findings a nd recommendations 177 178 179 179 181 182 184 184 186 188 188 189 191 194 197 Introduction Main findings 7. 2. 1 7. 2. 2 7. 2. 3 Infrastructure ICT Planning ICT in teaching and learning ICT infrastructure Professional development needs of teachers ICT infrastructure in schools Planning for ICT in schools ICT in teaching and learning 7. 3 Main recommendations for policy-makers and policy advisors 7. 3. 1 7. 3. 2 7. 4 Main recommendations for schools 7. 4. 1 7. 4. 2 7. 4. 3 References overtureory vi Abbreviations.AP AUP BOM CAD CEB CESI CPD DES ECDL EGFSN ERNIST ESI EU FETAC ICD ICT ISC LC LCA LCVP LSRT MLE NCC NCCA NCTE NPADC OECD PCSP PISA SCR SDP SDPI SDPS SDT SESE SESS SIP TIF VEC VLE WSE assistant principal acceptable use policy board of management computer-aided design commercial Examining Board Computer Studies Society of Ireland continuing professional development Department of Education and Science European Computer Driving Licence Expert chemical group on Future Skills N eeds European Research Network for ICT in Schools of Tomorrow Education Services Interactive (Project).European Union Further Education and Training Awards Council in-career development tellation and communications technology Information Society Commission Leaving security measure (Established) Leaving CertificateApplied Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme learning-support resource teacher managed learning environment National Competitiveness Council National Council for Curriculum and Assessment National Centre for Technology in Education National Policy Advisory and Development Committee Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Primary Curriculum Support Programme Programme for world abundant Student Assessment student-computer ratio school development planning School Development Planning Initiative (Post-primary).School Development Planning Support (Primary) special-duties teacher kind, Environmental and Scientific Education Special Education Support Servic e Schools Integration Project Telecommunications and Internet Federation Vocational Education Committee practical(prenominal) learning environment whole-school evaluation vii ICT in Schools disconcerts table 1. 1 Table 1. 2 Table 1. 3 Table 2. 1 Table 2. 2 Table 2. 3 Table 2. 4 Table 3. 1 Table 4. 1 Table 4. 2 Table 4. 3.Table 4. 4 Table 4. 5 Table 4. 6 Table 5. 1 Table 5. 2 Table 5. 3 Table 5. 4 Table 5. 5 Table 5. 6 Table 5. 7 Table 5. 8 Table 5. 9 Funding of ICT in education policy initiatives Student-computer ratio (SCR) in each school sector in given years Proportion of schools having at least one fixed and one mobile data projector Comparison of survey sample.and population, primary schools Comparison of survey sample and population, post-primary schools Number and level of lessons observed, post-primary schools Quantitative terms used in the report Awareness and use of NCTE and ICT advisory services among teachers Teachers attendance at NCTE and ICT advisory service disci pline courses Professional development preferences of post-primary teachers, by subject Teachers use of mesh resources in planning and preparation for teaching Primary principals views on the strategical development of ICT Post-primary principals views on the strategic development of ICT Teachers antecedency areas for the development of ICT Proportion of primary teachers who rated their proficiency in ICT skills as either negotiate or mod.Proportion of primary teachers who rated their ability in each of three ICT tasks that facilitate teaching and learning as either intermediate or innovational Inspectors observations on the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in classrooms Teachers use of software and the internet to facilitate learning Most frequently used applications in the teaching of one-on-one curricular areas Applications used by members of special-education support teams to promote the development of skills.Most frequently used applications to promote the development of individual learning priority areas Comparison of inspectors ratings of the quality of ICT provision in supporting children with special educational needs in mainstream and special-education support settings Table 5. 10 Table 6. 1 Table 6. 2 Table 6.3 Sample of inspectors comments on the quality of ICT use in special-education support settings Proportion of post-primary teachers who rated their proficiency in ICT skills as either intermediate or advanced Proportions of post-primary teachers who rated their ability in each of three ICT tasks that facilitate teaching and learning as either intermediate or advanced revenue Timetabled dedicated ICT lessons in post-primary schools 149 142 133 132 131 130 113 117 117 111 109 12 13 14 24 25 29 30 36 83 88 93 ascorbic acid 100 102 Inspectors comments on the quality of use of ICT observed in teaching and learning 123 viii Table 6. 4 Table 6. 5 Table 6. 6 Table 6. 7 Table 6. 8 Table 6. 9.Commonly taught topics in dedicated ICT lessons Principals descriptions of how ICT is used in some(a) subjects Principals views on the impact of ICT on teaching and learning Location of lessons observed during subject inspections ICT resources available in the classrooms of lessons observed Use of the internet and software in teaching and learning 151 153 154 155 155 161 Diagrams Fig. 2. 1 Fig. 2. 2 Fig. 2. 3 Fig. 3. 1 Fig. 3. 2 Fig. 3. 3 Fig. 3. 4 Fig. 3. 5 Fig. 3. 6 Fig. 3. 7 Fig. 3. 8 Fig. 3. 9 Fig. 3. 10 Fig. 4. 1 Fig. 4. 2 Fig. 4. 3 Fig. 4. 4 Fig. 4. 5 Fig. 4. 6 Fig. 4. 7 Fig. 4. 8 Fig. 4. 9 Fig. 4. 10 Fig. 4. 11 Fig. 4. 12 Fig. 4. 13 Fig. 5. 1 Fig. 5. 2 Fig. 5.3 Survey response rates Mainstream lesson observations in primary schools Subjects reviewed at post-primary level Teachers ratings of NCTE and ICT advisory services Access to computers by primary teachers Access to computers by post-primary teachers Access to computers by fifth-class students Access to computers by fifth-year students Frequency of use of ICT peripherals by primary teachers Frequency of use of ICT peripherals by post-primary teachers Provision and use of e-mail address by subject taught, post-primary schools.The primary school web site teachers responses The post-primary school web site teachers responses Contents of ICT plans, primary schools Contents of ICT plans, post-primary schools Staff ICT training in primary schools inside the previous three years Staff ICT training in post-primary schools within the previous three years Principals and teachers views on ICT training requirements, primary schools Principals and teachers views on ICT training requirements, post-primary schools Use of computers for lesson preparation Resources provided by mainstream primary teachers using ICT Use of the internet in planning and preparation for teaching, by subject Scoilnet visits by teachers.The most general sections of Scoilnet among teachers Teachers ratings of Scoilnet Teachers views on what Scoilnet should contain Use and relat ed proficiency of applications in teaching limit to which mainstream teachers plan for the use of ICT Organisation of teaching and learning during use of ICT 23 28 29 34 41 42 43 44 54 54 58 62 62 77 77 81 82 86 87 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 110 112 113 ix ICT in Schools Fig. 5. 4 Fig. 5. 5 Fig. 5. 6 Fig. 5. 7 Fig. 5. 8 Fig. 5. 9 Fig. 5. 10 Fig. 5. 11 Fig. 5. 12 Fig. 5. 13 Fig. 5. 14 Fig. 6. 1 Fig. 6. 2 Fig. 6. 3 Fig. 6. 4 Fig. 6. 5 Fig. 6. 6 Fig. 6. 7 Fig. 6. 8 Fig. 6. 9 Fig. 7. 1.Frequency of ICT use to promote learning in curricular areas Frequency of ICT use among mainstream and special class teachers to facilitate development of skills Frequency of use of individual internet resources by internet users Inspectors rating of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning Students proficiency in individual tasks Level of ICT support for students with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms Level of access by students with special educational needs in special-education su pport settings.Extent to which special-education support team members plan for the use of ICT Inspectors observations of the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in special-education support settings Frequency of ICT use in special-education support settings to facilitate development of skills Inspectors ratings of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning observed in special-education support settings Proficiency and use of applications in teaching Students use of computers Students ICT skill levels Use of ICT in the planning and preparation of observed lessons Main uses of ICT in teaching and learning in the subjects inspected, as describe by teachers.Frequency of use of computers in teaching Settings in which ICT is used in classrooms Use of the internet and applications, by subject area Inspectors rating of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning observed International student-computer ratios from PISA 2003 114 115 119 122 125 126 127 128 128 129 1 32 143 146 147 156 157 158 159 162 164 179 x Foreword.Information and communication technology has brought profound changes to almost all aspects of our lives in recent years. It has alter activities as basic as how we work, communicate with each other, treat illnesses, travel, shop and enjoy our leisure time. The pace of change shows no sign of slowing indeed, the development of ICT and its applications to areas such as the desegregation of media, are continuing at even faster rates than heretofore. In a relatively short period of time, ICT skills be in possession of become as fundamental to living a full life as being able to read, write and compute. Ireland has been a tracking player in the development of the ICT industry.We obligate been a admiting exporter of ICT computer hardware and software, and many of the key businesses in the industry cast important bases here. Like other countries, we have too recognised that if our young people are to live full lives in a world transformed by ICT, they need to have opportunities to acquire and develop ICT skills from an early age. Since the late 1990s, we have made considerable investments in ICT infrastructure in schools, and in training for teachers and other professionals. Until now, little national research essay has been published on the impact that the new technologies have had on schools and especially on teaching and learning.This report examines the extent to which ICT has been used in schools at both primary and post-primary levels and, more importantly, assesses the impact that ICT has had on teaching and learning, including the ways in which ICT is used to support the learning of students with special educational needs. The evaluation shows that while a great deal progress has been achieved in the roll-out of ICT in schools, considerable challenges remain.The report presents findings and recommendations that testament be of interest to teachers, principals, school support services, curricul um developers and policy-makers. I hope that it will inform debate and policy decisions on how we can ensure that young people have the skills, knowledge and attitudes needed to benefit from the opportunities presented by this powerful technology in the years ahead. Eamon Stack Chief Inspector xi ICT in Schools xii Executive summary xiii ICT in Schools Executive summary.An evaluation of the infrastructure, planning and use of information and communications technology in teaching and learning was conducted by the Inspectorate in primary and post-primary schools during the school year 2005/06.The objectives of the evaluation were to examine the extent to which ICT was used in primary and post-primary schools to evaluate the impact of ICT on teaching and learning to assess the ICT skills of students at selected points in the education system and to obtain their views on their arrest of ICT in their schooling to obtain the views of principals and teachers on their ICT skills and t heir opinions of the impact and future role of ICT in education to make recommendations for policy development regarding ICT in schools. xiv Executive summary.The evaluation methods comprised a national survey of primary (234) and post-primary (110) principals a national survey of primary (1,162) and post-primary (800) teachers case-study school evaluations by inspectors (32 primary schools, 20 post-primary schools) observations during classroom inspections (77 primary schools) observations during subject inspections (111 post-primary schools) a follow-up on-line survey of teachers in case-study post-primary schools. Summary of main findings The findings and recommendations are summarised here and are elaborated in chapter 7. Infrastructure The student-computer ratio (SCR) in Irish schools is 9. 11 at primary level and 71 at post-primary level.Information available from the OECD suggests that countries that have taken the lead in the provision of ICT in schools are aiming fo r or achieving a SCR of 51. In the main, schools make sound use of the grants provided by the DES for developing their ICT systems. However, schools slackly spend considerably more on ICT than the sums made available through these grants schemes. The lack of technical support and maintenance is a significant impediment to the development of ICT in schools. At primary level, computer rooms are generally a feature of the larger schools. However, access by students to computers was found to be sterling(prenominal) where the computers were located in the classrooms.At the post-primary level there is a greater permeation of computers in specialist rooms than in general classrooms. Schools were found to use a limited clutches of ICT peripherals, mainly printers, scanners, and digital cameras. Digital projectors were found in post-primary schools.At primary level, interactive whiteboards were present in a miniature number of schools. Schools that made dedicated computer facilities available to teachers reported that it led to the use of more high-quality and creative teaching resources in classrooms. xv ICT in Schools Planning Responsibility for ICT in a school can lie with an ICT steering committee, the principal, the deputy principal, an ICT co-ordinator, or a combination of these individualnel.Greater efficiency is achieved where a named person has responsibility for ICT within a school and where their role is clearly defined. The majority (71%) of primary schools surveyed, precisely fewer than half (46%) of post-primary schools, were found to have a written ICT plan.These plans tend to concentrate more on infrastructural issues than on how ICT can be used to enhance teaching and learning. Most schools (83% of primary schools, 87% of post-primary schools) were found to have an acceptable-use policy (AUP). This is a product of the requirements of the Schools Broadband Access Programme and the safety-awareness initiatives of the NCTE.It is also an ind ication of the seriousness that schools attach to the risks associated with the use of the internet. The majority of teachers make some use of ICT in lesson planning and preparation. Newly qualified teachers are more likely to use ICT for this purpose than their more have a go at itd colleagues. However, fewer teachers were found to plan for the use of ICT in teaching and learning. At the post-primary level, planning for the use of ICT in teaching varies between subjects.The programmes for Transition Year, LCVP and LCA specifically encourage planning for the use of ICT in teaching and learning. Teachers of these programmes regularly reported that their involvement also encouraged them to use ICT in their teaching with other class groups. School principals and teachers identified the provision and maintenance of hardware in schools and the provision of professional development opportunities in ICT as being strategically important for the development of ICT in their school. Generic programmes of professional development, because of their wider appeal, were found to have a greater take-up among teachers than topic-specific programmes.Teaching and learning Only 30% of primary teachers and 25% of post-primary teachers rated their ability as either intermediate or advanced with regard to using teaching and learning methods that are facilitated by ICT. Recently qualified teachers had a higher perception of their ICT skills than more experienced teachers. At the primary level, the inspectors reported evidence of the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in 59% of the classrooms visited. However, the inspectors observed ICT actually being used in only 22% of the lessons observed. Nearly a quarter of all inspections showed a competent or optimal level of performance in relation to the use of ICT in the classroom. xvi Executive summary Where ICT is used in primary classrooms it predominates in core curricular areas, such as English and Mathematics, and in S ocial, Environmental and Scientific Education (SESE). The evaluation found that many fifth-class students in primary schools do not have the competence to complete basic tasks on the computer.While most students reported being able to perform many of the most basic computer tasks, such as turning a computer on and off and porta or saving a file, more than 30% reported that they were not able to print a document or to go on the internet by themselves. Almost half (47%) reported not being able to take a crap a document by themselves. The majority did not know how to create a presentation (72%), use a spreadsheet (86%), or send an attachment with an e-mail message (88%). Competence in the use of ICT is limited for the most part to basic ICT skills, centred on the use of word-processing. Only 18% of the post-primary lessons observed by the inspectors involved an ICT-related activity.Students interaction with the technology was observed in only about a quarter of these instances. The most common ICT-related activity observed was the use of a data projector to make a presentation to a class group. Inspectors judged that effective integration of ICT in teaching and learning was occurring in approximately half of the lessons in which the use of ICT was observed (i. e. in approximately 11% of all lessons observed). Dedicated ICT lessons at the post-primary level are more prevalent among first-year classes, and are provided less frequently as students progress towards the Junior Certificate. The majority of schools concentrate on providing students with such lessons in their Transition Year, in the LCVP, and in the LCA. High levels of integration of ICT were found at the post-primary level in the science and applied science subjects and in subjects in the social studies I group. 1 Subjects were also identified that rarely made use of ICT, the most notable being Irish. The evaluation found that fifth-year students in post-primary schools had the self-assertion to p erform many basic computer operations by themselves, for example saving, printing, deleting, opening and editing a document.However, it also found that they generally needed some assistance to perform more complicated tasks, such as moving files, copying files to external storage devices, and writing and sending e-mail. A relatively low proportion of these students reported being able to create a multimedia presentation.Students required most help with attaching a file to an e-mail message, constructing a web page, or dealing with computer viruses. While the post-primary inspectors generally commented positively on the students ICT work that they observed, they were also concerned that the tasks undertaken by the students were largely word-processing and presentation tasks.1 Social Studies I group includes History Geography Art, Craft, and Design and Music. Social Studies II group includes Religious Education Physical Education Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE) and Social , Personal and Health Education (SPHE). xvii ICT in Schools ICT is widely used to facilitate the provision by schools of special education.Generally, ICT is used more frequently by members of the special-education team rather than by mainstream class teachers. The emphasis in students engagement with ICT in special-education settings is mainly on the support of literacy. Support for ICT The level of awareness among teachers of the ICT advisory service is generally low, with fewer than half the respondents at both the primary and the post-primary level reporting an awareness of it. Awareness is higher, however, among ICT co-ordinators than among other teachers. The use of the ICT advisory service is also low. At the primary level only 22% of all respondents reported having used the service, while at the post-primary level the corresponding figure was 15%.Summary of key recommendations for policy-makers and policy advisors The level of ICT infrastructure in schools needs to be imp roved. Specifically, Ireland should be working towards equipping not just all schools but all classrooms with an appropriate level of ICT infrastructure. Consideration should be given to equipping all classrooms with a computer for use by the teacher, broadband internet access with adequate bandwidth, and a fixed data projector and screen for use by the teacher in presentations. Furthermore, to ensure appropriate access to ICT by students, Ireland should strive to go down its student-computer ratio (SCR) from the present 9.11 in primary schools and 71 in post-primary schools. International evidence suggests that countries that have taken a lead in this area are aiming for or achieving a ratio of 51 or less in all schools. Improvements in ICT infrastructure will need to be supported by the introduction of a national ICT technical support and maintenance system for schools. Schools also need to be provided with the cleverness to regularly upgrade their own ICT infrastructure. The pedagogical dimension of the ICT advisors role in an education centre could be more appropriately provided by the germane(predicate) school support services, in liaison with the ICT school coordinators.The technical dimension of the ICT advisors role could be provided in a number of ways, including for example, by having a commercially supplied ICT maintenance and support for schools. With an effective IT maintenance system in place, the pedagogical role of ICT coordinators within schools could be enhanced and supported with appropriate training. xviii Executive summary Support services should give priority to the integration of ICT in teaching and learning. There is an opportunity for such services to work more closely with schools, and with school ICT coordinators in particular, to determine staff training needs and assist in organising appropriate professional development courses for teachers.Support service personnel should aim to be proactive in providing examples of how ICT can be used to facilitate teaching and learning in any programmes provided. Furthermore, course organisers should take greater account of the wide range of ICT abilities and experiences commonly found in groups of teachers and should provide differentiated ICT learning experiences for course participants. Additional guidance should be provided to schools and teachers of students with special educational needs so that the needs of learners may be matched more appropriately with the technology available. There needs to be an increased emphasis on the application of ICT in teaching and learning in teacher education at pre-service, induction and continuing professional development stages.It is recommended that teacher education departments in third-level colleges should provide student teachers with the skills necessary to effectively use ICT in teaching and foster in them a culture of using ICT in their work. Consideration should also be given to extending and expanding importantly t he current range of professional development courses available for teachers.A major focus of such an initiative should be on how ICT may be incorporate fully in the teaching and learning of specific subjects and curricular areas. The ICT Framework for Schools, which the NCCA will issue in the near future, will be a move on assistance to schools in this regard. Key recommendations for schools Schools and teachers should regularly review the use of ICT in their work.In particular, they should strive to ensure greater integration of ICT within teaching and learning activities in classrooms and other settings. Teachers should exploit the potential of ICT to develop as wide a range of students skills as possible, including the higher-order skills of problem-solving, synthesis, analysis, and evaluation. Principals should encourage and facilitate suitable ICT training for teachers. Schools should liase with relevant support services and should assay to establish mechanisms to facilit ate the sharing of good practice among members of the staff. Schools should endeavour to provide all their students with anappropriate and equitable level of experience of ICT at all class levels at the primary level and at both junior and senior cycle at the post-primary level. xix ICT in Schools Schools should plan for the maintenance and upgrading of their ICT systems. Computer rooms, where they exist, should be used to maximum effect.Staff members and students should be provided with adequate access to the internet. Post-primary schools in particular should aim to increase the permeation of ICT in general classrooms. A designated staff member should be responsible for ICT development. An ICT plan should be developed, using a consultative process, and an appropriate-use policy (AUP) should also be established. Teachers should endeavour to integrate ICT more in their planning and preparation for teaching. Schools need to ensure that ICT is used to support students with special educational needs in the most effective and appropriate way. Schools need to ensure that they match students needs to the most appropriate technology available, and that ICT is used to support not only the acquisition of literacy but the widest range of students needs. Schools should exploit the benefits to be had from ICT in their assessment procedures and also in their administrative practices. xx Chapter 1 ICT in primary and post-primary education in Ireland Part 1 Introduction 1 ICT in Schools Part 1 Introduction 1. 1 IntroductionInformation and communications technology (ICT) is an accepted element in all our lives and has a central role to play in education. Since the appearance of the first Government policy on ICT in education in 1997, a hearty investment has been made in ICT facilities and training in Irish schools.In Ireland, as in other countries, the debate about ICT in education concentrates on the potential impact of ICT on teaching and learning and on the measures that need to be adopted to ensure that the potential of ICT to enrich students learning experience is realised. This Inspectorate report presents the findings of a major evaluation of the impact of ICT on teaching and