Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay constitution of agritourism development and presentation program had taken topographic point ( Hsu, 2005 ) . The plantation countries in Sumatra and Java in Indonesia have been developed chiefly for rural touristry. In Korea, a group of more than five farm families with place stay small towns near tourer resorts have been developed as tourist-farms. In Malaysia, the authorities pumps out most of the financess for more than 30 agritourism centres ( Sharpley A ; Vass, 2006 ) . Malayan Minister of Agriculture has emphasized the importance of revolutionising the agribusiness sector, in the conference of Malaysia Agriculture, Horticulture and Crops, saying, we will besides seek to transform many of our agricultural and research Stationss in to tourers finishs ( Hamid, 2000 ) . Hsu ( 2005 ) has reported that, in Taiwan, agritourism was proposed by the Department of Agricultural Extension of the National Taiwan University and the Council of Agriculture in 1989. In 1993, the council of Agriculture advocated the Leisure Farm guiding Development and Management Program to help the husbandmans those who were interested in diversifying their direction schemes. In 1996, the Leisure Farm Guiding Regulations was formulated by the authorities. Other than the old aims, encouragement of farm proprietors to incorporate local cultural activities into their direction schemes to boot the local economic system was besides emphasized. In India Agro Rural Tourism ( ART ) is a plan to happen solution to get the better of agriculture job. So, the Agro Rural Tourism can be a best auxiliary concern for Agriculture. ART is traveling to be organized non merely on a developed secret plan like a resort, but besides on the huge atmosphere of activity agriculture set up, if this agriculture is decently integrated and sustainable, of course. Importance will be given to the ecological deductions of the country. Thus ART will automatically back up the planetary construct of Environmental Security . Besides, Haryana Tourism, ( 2007 ) reported that, Haryana Tourism in India is the first province in the state established agritourism coaction with 13 farms near Delhi which seeks to open a view of new chances such as musical sound of nature, pure air, seting babe seeds, siting bullock carts, organic nutrient, cultural heritage, common people traditions, joys of nature etc. The farms are located in Faridabad, Gurgon, Rohtak and Karnal territories of Haryana. Other than theses topographic points, there are agritourism finishs in countries such as Mahrashtra, Kerala, Panjab etc. Agribusiness and agritourism in Thailand is traveling in front, compared to other states in the part. At present, 80 Agricultural experiment Stationss are in the state supplying support for the agribusiness sector in legion ways. Out of 80 the experiment Stationss, 17 Stationss have been developed by the Department of Agriculture as agritourism operations sing the suited characteristics of each finish like educational value, their location, importance as a premier touristry topographic point, their available boarding installation etc. It is reported that there is a high demand for those finishs by local every bit good as foreign visitants. Guide book to agritourism introduced by the secretary of the Tourism Office, Department of Agriculture, provides all the utile information for all 17 centres including the critical tourer calendar ( Department of Agriculture Thailand, 2004 ) . Other than Public agritourism centres, there are many private finishs which provide the service to visitan ts in assorted graduated tables. Farm Chokchai in Nawankoon, Choto Re Leai in Loei, VaVee Station and Doi Tuny in Chiang Ria, Ang Kang Station ( Royal undertaking ) in Chiang Mai are some of the best illustrations. Agritourism in Sri Lanka is in the emerging phase and there are merely a few finishs available at present in the state. Although there are installations to see farm lands by public free of charge upon anterior petition, agritourism as a concern is still a new construct for most of the rural countries. Besides, husbandmans have deficiency of cognition and accomplishment to get down agritourism operations on their ain. Though a few husbandmans have the possible, they need outside support and counsel to originate. Although there is certain degree of experiences on agritourism in few Asiatic states, most of the presently available experiences are chiefly from economically advanced states holding big farms. For case, in USA and Canada, the mean size of a small-scale farm is 1000 hour angle and in Canada 1500ha severally, and they are much larger than large-scale farms in Asia. So, there is a uncertainty whether we can use these experiences straight to Asiatic states like Sri Lanka, particularly to the small-scale rural husbandmans. Summarizing up the facts, it is really apparent that agritourism, as a turning sector, has a sound foundation for bring forthing income in rural countries of many states. Wicks A ; Merrett ( 2003 ) have mentioned that, agritourism development can be successfully integrated into local economic systems, environment and rural life styles without a great break. However, in some state of affairss they have non been able to give the expected result. Furthermore, most of the experiences of agritourism which I came across during my literature study were, from developed and good advanced states. Compared to developing states, those husbandmans have big size farms, good instruction A ; engineering and a batch of other installations and authorities support to run a farm concern good. Besides, general people have a batch of chances to prosecute in travel and touristry as visitants. But, the status of the farms in Sri Lanka is different in many facets. Therefore, the inquiry we have is whether agritourism in Sri Lanka would give the same result as the other developed counties? 3.2.9 Agritourism and farm touristry Farm touristry can be explained as the procedure of sing a farm for a vacation, take parting in its operations and larning about agriculture. Harmonizing to Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited ( 2012 ) the construct of farm touristry envisages engagement of private sector the husbandmans / farm house proprietors based on public private partnership. The farm house proprietors act as both hosts and ushers to the sing tourer. Preference is given to farm which have agricultural land attached. The farm house proprietor is supposed to supply place cooked nutrient, stay installations and demo the visitant the agricultural patterns such as flower gardening, harvest home, bee maintaining, dairying etc. and present to him the small town manner of life through assorted participatory activities. The visitants can bask the natural milieus in fresh air. The visitant gets an exposure of local community life which means go toing a panchayet meeting, exposure of local vocals, nutrient, dances, art a nd trade etc.The circuit of small town includes sing the local craftsmans like the carpenter, blacksmith etc. The visitants have experience of festival juncture such as matrimony and local repasts. They can besides take part or witness small town games such as wresting, gulidanda kite winging and have ride on bullock cart, tractor etc. Experiences such as leaping on the hay and taking bath in the well could be alone characteristic for the people and kids from urban countries. They can besides see the of import carnivals and festivals being organized in these countries along with of import memorials, have prevarications, historical sites etc. Each farm can take at developing a alone merchandising point some are specialising in organic agriculture ) . The footings farm touristry and agritourism are used interchangeably, as penchant for usage is different geographically. In England, the term farm touristry is used ; on the East Coast, agritourism is used ( Rilla, 2012 ) . Use of the term farm touristry is non every bit common as agritourism and most of the writers have used the term agritourism and farm touristry interchangeably or as equivalent word in their surveies ( Beglaryan, 2011 ; Phillip, Hunter A ; Blackstone, 2010 ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Bruch, 2008 ; Kline et Al ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Barbieri A ; Mshenga, 2008 ; Roberts A ; Hall, 2001 ; Wall, 2000 ) . To the best of my cognition, no 1 has compared and contrast agritourism and farm touristry yet. 3.3 Agritourism and Rural Development There are several groundss for agritourism s part for rural development from assorted states. Not merely in developed states, researches in developing states have besides discovered many happening sing this phenomenon as agritourism has ability to open up alternate income beginnings for the husbandmans every bit good as environing community. A As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many occupations which have helped to resuscitate rural economic systems. Agritourism has different ways and agencies of helping rural development and has ability to act upon the economic, socio-cultural and environmental sweetening of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed states There are many important surveies in developed states related to agritourism and rural development. As per the survey of Haghiri and Okech ( 2011 ) on function of the agritourism direction in developing the economic system of rural countries in the state of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada , in rural development, agritourism Acts of the Apostless as a solution for the job of poorness by giving economic chances for the husbandmans. They have mentioned that the publicity of touristry and agritourism activities is one manner to assist develop the economic system of rural countries in the state that is confronting a series of challenges, such as little internal markets ; switching socio-demographics ; deficiency of sufficient investings ; the high rate of emigration ; diseconomies of graduated table ; and the developing economic substructure for the clip being. Further, they have identified three options as get downing the production of new merchandises ; organic fruits and veggies, s pecialized farm animal merchandises like sheep, caprine animals, pelt, electromagnetic unit, coneies, etc. , farm-based nutrient merchandises, such as staff of life, jams and gelatins, and handmade trades and heightening the bing touristry merchandises and besides developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other states of Canada, and international states. In Bahamas, agritourism usage forward linkages with agribusiness and touristry by direct merchandising of agricultural merchandises and services to the visitants and besides rearward linkages such as indirect attack utilizing an intermediary to supply merchandises to the touristry sector. These activities improve the income of husbandmans and eventually assisting for the rural development ( Hepburn, 2008 ) . Schmitt ( 2010 ) has done a survey on the agrarian adult females s bureau, get bying schemes, visions and wants against the dynamic alterations of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an of import permanent support scheme for some agrarian households, it remains an extra income for others. Either manner, it has turned out to be a beginning of adult females s turning assurance every bit good as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. Agritourism in Italy has able to carry on wide and advanced merchandise scope, sophisticated Marketing systems and most significantly, extended authorities supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear aim in head: To hold rural emigration by maintaining husbandmans on the land ( ibid ) . ( Porcaro, 2009 ) . As per Choo, ( 2012 ) agritourism can give husbandmans an chance to bring forth extra income and to be an avenue for direct selling of the farm merchandises to consumers. It can besides assist antagonize societal and economic jobs of the farms and local occupants ( loss of income, increased disbursals, globalisation, and others ( associated with the diminution of traditional agribusiness industries ) . While the fiscal advantages with regard to employment and rewards are clear, agritourism development can besides heighten the local quality of life. It can function as an of import beginning of revenue enhancement grosss, which may take to higher public services and lower local revenue enhancement rates. agritourism can besides back up preservation of local civilization and traditions, assisting to keep the viability of small-scale agribusiness ( Choo, 2012 ) . In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development schemes. A figure of agritourism endeavors are developing at local degree with voluntary enterprises utilizing the desires of local people and local disposals that want to profit from the installations of agritourism in Turkey. For illustration in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as adjustment, tasting and purchasing local nutrients by the urban people and disposal to happen excess income for them ( Topcu-2007 ) . Besides, the BuAYday Association s Ecological Farm Holidays undertaking ( Ta-Tu-Ta Project ) in Turkey is a concerted undertaking conducted by voluntary husbandmans and non-governmental organisation aiming to promote ecological life style. This undertaking stated that husbandmans benefit from agritourism by bring forthing and merchandising of organic merchandises to the visitants. Agritourism aids rural economic development by supplying alternate usage of farming area, increasing gross of on-farm activities, bettering concern sustainability, and conveying economic gross to rural countries both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism besides has the potency for informal agricultural instruction between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agribusiness ( Jolly A ; Reynolds, 2005 ) . A survey of Nasers, ( 2009 ) in Iowa UAS found that the publicity of agritourism provides a good relationship for local nutrient systems as it helps to heighten the entreaty of local nutrients. Local nutrient has become the consolidative subject of a societal motion to dispute and reshape the modern agri-food system. A local nutrient paradigm, in contrast, emphasizes nutrient quality and freshness, a personal connexion to little and household graduated table farms, environmental protection, community autonomy, and the economic multiplier effects of doing local purchases ( Ostrom, 2006, p. 66 ) . The demand for fresh green goods continues to turn, offering manufacturers the chance to increase their net incomes through direct selling. Direct selling provides a nexus between consumers seeking high-quality green goods and manufacturers who are seeking an chance to vie in the green goods industry ( Kuches et al. ) . In add-on to associating the consumer to the manufacturer, direct sell ing allows the manufacturer to short-circuit the traditional distribution web and gain a greater portion of net incomes ( Kuches et al. ) . As a signifier of direct selling, agritourism creates chances for the manufacturer to associate with their consumer and straight market their merchandises. Furthermore, Agritourism is increasing rural verve and exciting new economic chances through the variegation of farm operations and increased gross on-site and near the operations in Iowa ( Norby and Retallick, 2012 ) . Twe ( 2010 ) have reported that agritourism is progressively being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to husbandmans, visitants and communities, supports household farms in concern and continuing American agricultural heritage, maximising the productiveness of farming area resources through their recreational usage, and even better the economic state of affairs of local communities. Besides agritourism is suggested to increase farm grosss and serve other husbandman ends ( Ollenburg A ; Buckley, 2007 ; McGehee A ; Kim, 2004 ; Nickerson et al. , 2001 ) . Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to use existing resources or other low-input options ( Fisher, 2006 ) . Extra economic support for the farm concern is particularly of import in the current clip due to increased land values and agricultural input costs ( Salamon, 2003 ; Busby A ; Rendle, 1999 ; Ilbery, 1991 ) . Agritourism by and large activates as a little household endeavors, so it s both socially and economically profitable. Besides Agritourism assists to extenuate out-migration from distant countries and generate net income by diversifying economic system. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural countries adds quality to their life ( Monica Iorio A ; Andrea Corsale, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Gale, ( 2006 ) rural touristry endeavors provide fresh beginnings of income for households populating in distant countries. 2002, Sharpley ( 2002 ) has said that agritourism can offer occupation chances for rural people in local trades and vino devising sectors to supply extra income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural countries, betterment of the populace services, revival of local trades and to increase chances for societal contacts and exchange. Developing and forming agritourism requires a important investing though possible investing is less. ( Sharpley, 2002 ) . Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for cognition of the outside universe, promoting entrepreneurial activity, supplying excess income, bring forthing new signifiers of employment, making new forms of travel or puting up potentially negative presentation effects, modifying civilization and major economic escapes through multinational engagement ( Hall, 1998 ) . A survey of Beglaryan, ( 2011 ) on Development of Agro touristry in Armenia, agritourism provides the chance to increase the possible forA higherA border, A on-farmA salesA and valueA addedA productsA andA services.A Because most Armenian farms are operated by little landholders, there is great chance for customizat ion and singularity in agritourism attractive forces. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can lend for the agribusiness rural development in several ways ( Wicks and Marret 2003 ; Bruch, 2008 ) . However, to carry through this status, several other demands and conditions are important. For illustration, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attending on barriers and structural defects exist before they focus ( back ) towards the development potency for farms desiring to diversify their concern, and their possibilities for economic support and, merely as of import, advice from the agricultural associations consultancy construction every bit good as from national and regional touristry development organic structures, and perchance webs for rural/farm/green touristry operators to accomplish the full potency of rural touristry in Denmark can be realized. ( Nielsen, Aae Nissen and Just, 2010 ) . With most agricultural manufacturers in Miami-Dade County sing increased force per unit area by developers to sell their lands, lifting operating costs, and dead or worsening net income borders for most of the major agricultural trade goods, agritourism is a possible manner to help with preserving agribusiness and unfastened infinite and lending to the longer- term economic variableness of farm operations. Furthermore, while the benefits of agritourism are critical to the single manufacturers, the benefits travel much further with multiplier effects can hold major impacts on the local economic system ( Evans and Hodges, 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal indicates that agritourism can supply farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Continuing the ocular and cultural rural landscape ( Williams A ; Shaw, 1996 ; Luloff et al. , 1 995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ) ; Reducing out migration by supplying occupations ( Friesen ; 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ; Demoi, 1983 ) . ; Bringing a transportation of thoughts from urban to rural countries ( Oppermann, 1996 ) ; Supplying urban people with an experience of rural life ( Lowry, 1996 ; Reid et al. , 1 993 ) ; Diversifying the rural economic system ( Lowry, 1996 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Maude A ; van Rest, 1985 ) ; Making eventual market contacts with urban centres ( Agricultural Land Commission, 1997 ; Bowen et al. , 1991 ; Demoi, 1983 ) ; Making commissariats for certain substructure ( Bowen et al. ; 1991 ) ; and Enhancing the rural individuality of communities and stressing the importance of agribusiness in local countries ( Luloff et al. , 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ) . Therefore, it is important that most of the groundss are from developed states and merely a few are from developing states. 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing states When agritourism surveies of Asia is concerned, merely a few can be identified. For illustration, Utama ( 2007 ) has studied on economic, societal and environmental benefits of agritourism for the local community, every bit good as the demand for agritourism among tourers in Bali, Indonesia. The purpose of the survey was to explicate the best schemes to introduce and construct up agritourism on Bali. Based on the survey, he has found that addition in income of agritourism husbandmans and occupation chances for local occupants, multiplier effects peculiarly for small-scale direct investings, beef uping local or regional constructions by making webs and the similar, stimulating physical substructure developments, increasing the diverseness of economic activities, raising consciousness of the value of an country, such as its landscape, nature and civilization, and the economic authorities, every bit good as bettering the substructure which enable to supply chances for other economic dev elopments. Furthermore, lending for the signifiers of agricultural merchandise betterments, and stimulations of other related touristry endeavors such as handcraft stores, eating houses, and adjustments, bettering the societal state of affairss of the local communities peculiarly poverty relief, diminishing unemployment every bit good as worsening urbanisation making nature preservation as one the sustainable touristry development indexs is contributed by agritourism development in Bali. Other parts such as international tourer arrival addition and bring forthing economic incomes are the functions of agritourism in using the sustainable touristry development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed tonss to the betterment of economic system lives of the local communities in the signifiers of agricultural merchandises gross revenues, assorted of hand-made keepsakes or handcrafts sold for the tourers, opportunities to set up nutrient stables or eating houses and certain types of adjustment such as home-stay, cottage, Villa, and hotel, every bit good as small town development. With regard to economic system betterment, the stakeholders preponderantly agree that increasing agricultural merchandises are the most part generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed toward betterment of societal state of affairs. There are three indexs which empower the authority of agritourism development such as poorness relief, diminishing the figure of unemployment, and worsening the urban. The stakeholders largely agree that the Agritourism enables to relieve poornesss and diminish the unemployment since i t provides work chances which can assist to better the quality of the villagers lives. Not merely that, Agritourism has extremely played a function in using sustainable touristry development in Bali. Stakeholders preponderantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature preservation as one of the of import ends of sustainable touristry ( sustaining nature, societal life, and civilization, every bit good as bring forthing income for the local societies ) . A In Malaysia, harmonizing to the survey of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, ( 2011 ) on Agritourism: Potential chances for husbandmans and local communities, agritourism has made a critical economic part to rural countries and communities though supplying local occupants with extra beginnings of income, diversifying the economic system and loaning prestigiousness to rural life. It enables many to see a fresh signifier of travel and leisure, to derive new consciousness and a positive attitude towards other universes, towards the environment and towards local people and their civilization. Harmonizing to Said et Al ( 2012 ) at Kampung Semarang small town in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to heighten the agricultural value of the farms and farm animal. It is besides to advance the small town as a new agri-based touristry finish, which would hike the criterion of life amongst the husbandmans and villagers lending for the local development. Besides, Hamzah et.al. , ( 2012 ) in their survey on soc io-economic impact potency of agritourism activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community life in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potency of lifting the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is assisting to heighten the societal authorization, beef up the community, diversify and escalate economic activities, provide occupation chances and alleviate poorness in that community. A rural development plan named rural subject small town in Korea is chiefly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon ( 2006 ) have studied on this plan and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernisation process of the national economic system. And besides, it has given penetrations to both husbandmans and policymakers to follow a broader position than the hither to agricultural merchandise oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong ( 2010 ) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to use all their resources to be to the full of benefit from the growing of touristry. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A chief chance for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could besides propose that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Gross generated from them tends to be in a community, therefore at that place has a little escape of income. A survey in the province of Haryana ( India ) has discovered that agritourism aid to acquire employment chances, put stashing on waysides, sustainability for agribusiness proper, assorted beginnings of income, aid husbandmans to heighten their cognition. As it is a new endeavor with less competition it is concern activity as compared to traditional agriculture less land with low productiveness can give more returns maintain natural resources as alimentary excavation is less and dirt preservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution jobs to environment, better wellness and it protects local heritage and civilization ( Shehrawat, 2009 ) . Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, ( 2012 ) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an advanced signifier of rural touristry, in the context of rural market as it can positively act upon regional development through bring forthing big scale employment and extra income beginnings to the skilled and unskilled. Developing touristry in rural countries increases engagement of the hapless and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Besides, it is a sustainable gross bring forthing merchandise for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economic system. It can forestall migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialised signifier of rural touristry in rural market. Harmonizing to Murangwa ( 2010 ) in India, agritourism informs as an built-in portion in prolonging the economic systems. Agritourism is a cardinal component of environmentally and socially duty of touristry in rural countries and leads to rural diversified economic system in footings of substructure development such as touristry installations like Accommodation and eating houses, roads, public-service corporations like H2O and electricity, telecommunication, wellness centres among others. Creation of occupations and increased income for the local people. When all these information are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an of import function in touristry sector and it has able to lend for rural development in important degree in many contexts. The development states should therefore consider agritourism as emerging signifier of touristry that would doubtless take to rural development every bit good as complementing other signifiers of touristry bing in their states ( Murangwa, 2010 ) . Furthermore, in literature reappraisal, it was noted that agritourism is in a place to give better consequences under the favourable conditions particularly where appropriate policies and plans are available. Therefore, suited strategic programs is indispensable to the minimize negative impacts and optimise the positive impacts and to make sustainable development in future. Development of Agrotourism in Armenia ( Kristina Beglaryan teithe.academia.edu/ /Development_of_Agrotourism_in_Armenia aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Excess information 1.4. Multifunctional agribusiness as a manner for rural development Harmonizing to a figure of writers ( Lowe et al 2002 ; Durand and Huylenbroeck 2002 ; and others ) multifunctionality could besides be considered as a third manner for rural development, alternate to the opposing progressive and interventionist theoretical accounts. Nevertheless, multifunctionality differs from the rural development attack ( referred to as the new paradigm , the network paradigm or integrated rural development by these writers ) in that it remains chiefly targeted upon agribusiness and agricultural endeavors. Some writers underscoring the importance of the agricultural sector suggest that, although constructed under the new paradigm, agribusiness and husbandmans are still cardinal to rural development success. Van der Ploeg et Al ( 2000 ) , for illustration, edifice on the literature and practical experiences agree that rural development procedures can affect many different histrions, yet reject the impression that rural dev

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms Corrosive refers to  a substance that has the power to cause irreversible damage or destroy another substance by contact. A corrosive substance may attack a wide variety of materials, but the term is usually applied to chemicals that can cause chemical burns upon contact with living tissue. A corrosive substance may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The term corrosive comes from the Latin verb corrodere, which means to gnaw. At low concentrations, corrosive chemicals are typically irritants. The hazard symbol used to identify either a chemical capable of metal corrosion or skin corrosion shows a chemical poured onto a material and a hand, eating into the surface. Also Known As: Corrosive chemicals may also be referred to as caustic, although the term caustic usually applies to strong bases and not acids or oxidizers. Key Takeaways: Corrosive Definition A corrosive substance is defined as a material capable of damaging or destroying other substances on contact via a chemical reaction.Examples of corrosive chemicals include acids, oxidizers, and bases. Specific examples include sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide.The international pictogram indicating a corrosive chemical shows a surface and a human hand being eaten away by a liquid dripping from a test tube. Examples of Corrosive Substances Strong acids and bases are commonly corrosive, although there are some acids (e.g., the carborane acids) that are very powerful, yet not corrosive. Weak acids and bases may be corrosive if they are concentrated. Classes of corrosive substances include: strong acids s include nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acidconcentrated weak acids s include concentrated acetic acid and formic acid.strong Lewis acids s include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.alkali metals s include sodium and potassium metal.dehydrating agents s include calcium oxide and phosphorus  pentoxide.strong oxidizers s include elemental fluorine and chlorine. The halide ions are not corrosive, except for fluoride.acid anhydridesorganic halides - An example is acetyl chloride.alkylating agents An example is dimethyl sulfate.certain organics - An example is phenol or carbolic acid. How Corrosion Works Usually a corrosive chemical that attacks human skin denatures proteins or performs amide hydrolysis or ester hydrolysis. Amide hydrolysis damages proteins, which contain amide bonds. Lipids contain ester bonds and are attacked by ester hydrolysis. In addition, a corrosive agent may participate in chemical reactions that dehydrate skin and/or produce heat. For example, sulfuric acid dehydrates carbohydrates in skin and releases heat, sometimes sufficient to cause a thermal burn in addition to the chemical burn. Corrosive substances that attack other materials, such as metals, may produce rapid oxidation of the surface (for example). Safe Handling of Corrosive Materials Protective gear is used for personal protection from corrosive materials. The equipment may include gloves, aprons, safety goggles, safety shoes, respirators, face shields, and acid suits. Vapors and corrosive chemicals with a high vapor pressure should be used within a ventilation hood. Its important that protective gear be made using a material with high chemical resistance to the corrosive chemical of interest. There is no single protective material that protects against all corrosive substances! For example, rubber gloves may be fine for one chemical, yet be corroded by another. The same is true of nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber. Uses of Corrosive Materials Corrosive chemicals often make good cleaners. Because they tend to be highly reactive, corrosives may be used in catalytic reactions or as reactive intermediates in the chemical industry. Corrosive Versus Caustic or Irritant The term caustic is often considered synonymous with corrosive. However, only strong bases should be referred to as caustic. Examples of caustic chemicals include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. A dilute corrosive chemical acts as an irritant. However, at higher concentrations, corrosive chemicals produce a chemical burn. While corrosive chemicals may be poisonous, the two characteristics are separate. A poison is a substance with a systemic toxic effect. Poisons may take some time to act. In contrast, a corrosive substance causes an immediate effect on tissue or a surface.

Women and Health Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women and Health - Research Proposal Example This is complex study of different interrelated factors, as age merely does not constitute towards aging diseases or undemocratic treatments. The major causes of higher mortality ratio of aging on women are cardiovascular diseases, such as â€Å"heart stroke, cancer particularly lungs and breast cancer, diabetics, and nutritional problems, such as obesity or anemic, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, mental illness leading to depression† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 1-29), dementia, and sensory impairment, such as loss of sight or hearing. Women have lower life expectancy in under developed countries than the developed due to various reasons such as improper nutrition, lack of access to healthcare, neglecting, and discrimination by the social society and mental anxiety etc. The important task is to determine the chronic ailment in women by their lifestyle, social and economic accordance, and perception of healthy lifestyle awareness that could increase their expectancy ratio but aging still gives a significant damage when the body starts to get older. They live few years more than their counterparts do but it is always engrave with sickness and disabilities (Bonita, pp. 2-25). Cardiovascular diseases mainly heart stroke is the highest and common cause of death in aged women than men. The older women are at a higher stake of heart attack and peripheral arterial diseases since their entering into the postmenopausal period. INTRODUCTION The coronary heart diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, and other arterial vascular diseases are the angle of death for the aging women in the USA herby claiming approximately 2.3 million deaths due to heart attack and 0.87 million by the stroke. The death toll of cardiovascular diseases is six times higher than widespread breast cancer in women. According to the statistics, almost 62% of older women struck by disability due to heart stroke and 36% are middle-aged women who survive the fatal heart attack (Bonita, pp. 2-25). About 58% of the women incur half of their health care bills on cardiovascular diseases. There will be an increase of 45% in the population of aged women suffering from coronary heart diseases by 2015 giving rise to the major health problem in near future. With the process of aging to 65, the risk of cardiovascular diseases toll to one in three and it will continue to grow every year. The risk of lack of awareness in women of cardiovascular diseases after the advent of postmenopausal period is substantial and is the like the shield that have been wore out and exposed to the serious coronary disease which is a crucial cause of the study (Wenger et al., pp. 247-256). Risk Factors in uprising the Cardiovascular Diseases in Women The risk for developing the chronic coronary heart diseases are unlikely the same as their male counterpart. â€Å"Smoking tobacco, hypertension, diabetic’s mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, mal-nutritious life style, and elevated alcohol consumpt ion, increased level of serum cholesterol, higher or lower density of lipo- protein levels† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 401-440) and deprivation of estrogens hormones after the post menopause. Smoking cigarettes especially tobacco and nicotine consumption in younger women have raised by almost 23% since the last decade which is the major contribution to the chronic health diseases in the older age. Studies have also indicated that earlier in 1990's 45% of

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) Essay

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) - Essay Example The paper tells that the use of public transport for commuting in the US is still very low compared to other countries. The estimated share of public transport market share (motorized travel) is less than 4% barring exceptions like New York (9.6%) and San Francisco (5.0%), being as low as less than 1% in more than half the states. Small as this may be, the total amount of fuel saved from public transportation use currently is estimated to be equal to 1.4 billion gallons of gasoline (based on 2004 figures), In terms of total barrels of crude oil, this would be the equivalent of 33.5 million barrels of crude oil. Increase of commuting is a desirable goal and has policy support. Apart from this reasons like congestion on the roads, savings in commuting time would be seen as the chief reasons for a commuter to prefer public transport over using own cars. Typically a product or a service that gives enhanced value for a customer would what make a customer to switch to a service or a produc t. There is a big opportunity here for bus operators to create this critical additional value through use of ICT to induce commuters to switch over in a big way to using public transport like buses. Bailey estimates that for an US population of 7.2 million non-drivers, 50% 0f which is people above the age of 654, public transportation is the only alternative, when they are going somewhere outside their immediate neighborhood. She also observes most U.S. residents still do not have the option of using public transportation to get places.

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - Essay Example A change in the rate of unemployment will hence result to a change in the demand and supply hence affecting the equilibrium market. People form expectations about prices; quantity supplied and inflation based on previous information. If individuals expect a shortage of goods, they will increase demand to store the goods for the scarce season. Sellers will however hold the goods and hence reduce supply since they anticipate increased costs during the scarce period. The same happens in case the customers and sellers expect an increase in prices (Tucker, 2010). Use of past information to form expectations is not efficient as it may result to wrong predictions hence affecting the equilibrium market negatively. Unemployment and expectations hence affect the aggregate equilibrium between supply and demand. The government should, therefore, develop measures to influence this non-price factors affecting demand. The economy will hence operate at equilibrium by avoiding surpluses or

The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure

The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is a cell membrane that behaves like a two- dimensional liquid of mixed composition. The cell membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic components that are integrated into the membrane structure such as lipids and membrane proteins that move sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane more like a fluid. The membrane is referred to as mosaic because like a mosaic that is made up of many different parts the cell membrane has a mixed composition of lipids and proteins. The cell membrane gets it fluidity because the phospholipids in a typical cell membrane are not bonded to one another. Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water that is pointing toward the outside of the cell membrane, making it hydrophilic, and a tail that repels water forming the inside of the bilayer, making it non-polar hydrophobic, but this is, on an individual basis, relatively weak. Proteins and substances such as c holesterol become embedded in the bilayer, but the plasma membrane has the consistency of vegetable oil at body temperature, so the proteins and other substances are able to move across it. The molecules that are embedded in the cell membrane also serve a purpose. For example, the cholesterol that gets stuck in there makes the membrane more stable and prevents it from solidifying when your body temperature is low. Carbohydrate chains attach to the outer surface of the cell membrane and form glycoproteins and glycolipids. These carbohydrates are specific to every person, and they supply characteristics such as your blood type. Functions of Following: Ribosomes: Ribosomes are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid but they differ in their composition. This is why some antibiotics can take advantage of this difference to kill prokaryotes (bacteria) while not harming eukaryotes (ourselves). Prokaryotes are single-celled and they have no nucleus. In prokaryotes the ribosomes are free floating in cytoplasm because they have no nucleus. Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that is inside the cell membrane. It holds all the organelles of a cell. These floating ribosomes are the protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid (RNA). Eukaryotes are organisms that consist of one or more cells and normally have a nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle in which chromosomes are stored and protected from the activities that occur in the cells cytoplasm. In eukaryotes the ribosomes are contained within the nucleus. Ribosomes are attached to the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes make polypeptides that thread into the interior of the ER as they are assembled. The synthesis of RNA and protein is the main function of ribosomes. The RNA and proteins exit the nucleus by nuclear pores that are in the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is made up of two membranes. These membranes have holes that are called the nuclear pores. This is how the proteins and RNA exit the nucleus and move on to the rest of the cell or are dispersed outside the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the endomembrane system, which is an extension of the nuclear envelope. There are two parts that make up the ER, the smooth ER and the rough ER. These two parts of ER are continuous with each other. The rough ER has thousands of ribosomes that are attached to it. This makes the ER appear bumpy under an electron microscope giving it its name. It is a network of flattened sacs and tubes or channels in the cytoplasm formed by highly folded membranes. The rough ER is a continuation of the protein synthesis for those proteins that are to be transported from the cell. The newly synthesized proteins are transported to the lumen, inside of the ER, where they can begin to be modified into their complex shape. The proteins are then transported through the lumen of the rough ER to the smooth ER where further processing of the protein may occur. The smooth ER has no ribosomes to give it the bumpy appearance so it is referred to as smooth. Since there are no ribosomes, it does not make protein. Although, some of the polypeptides made in the rough ER end up as enzymes in the smooth ER. It is more tubular than rough ER and has a separate network of functions. Its main function is to make lipids, enzymes, and other proteins destined for secretion, or for insertion into cell membranes. It also plays a large part in detoxifying and recycling wastes, as well as other specialized functions. Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened sacs with vesicles pinching off from the edges This organelle has a folded membrane that typically looks like a stack of pancakes. It receives many of the vesicles produced by the smooth ER. Vesicles are small organelles formed by a pocket of membrane pinching off from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the other end of Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins made by the ER before sending them out to the cell. Proteins enter the Golgi on the side by the ER and exit on the opposite side that faces the plasma membrane of the cell. Proteins are further processed along the way and become modified and packaged for transport to various locations within the cell. Some proteins will be packaged in vesicles for secretion from the cell while other proteins will be packaged to produce other organelles such as lysosomes that are used for cellular digestion. The finished products are transported by the vesicles that carry t hem to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that bud from the Golgi. Lysosomes have various roles. Lysosomes serve as vessels for waste disposal. They contain powerful enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in cellular digestion. They also serve as vessels for recycling the cells organic material. Enzymes inside them break large molecules into smaller subunits that the cell can use as building material or eliminate. In humans, a variety of inherited conditions can affect lysosomes. These defects are called storage diseases and include Pompes disease and Tay-Sachs disease. People with these disorders are missing one or more of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes. Abnormal storage causes inefficient functioning and damage of the bodys cells, which can lead to serious health problems, including death. Using the Data Analysis Exercise at the top of page 75 in the textbook, answer the following questions: Abnormal Motor Proteins Cause Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Affected men can produce sperm but are infertile Some have become fathers after a doctor injects their sperm cells directly into eggs. Review Figure 4.25, then explain how abnormal dynein could cause the observed effects. Observe how the abnormal protein dynein alters flagella. Why would this abnormal protein cause a build up of mucus in ones airways? Kartagener syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutated form of a protein dynein. People that are affected by this disease have chronically irritated sinuses, and mucus build up in the airways to their lungs. Bacteria also forms in the thick mucus. The disease typically progresses to overt bronchiectasis during late childhood or early adulthood and can ultimately causes chronic respiratory failure. This disease is affected by the cilia and flagella which are appendages extending from the body of most eukaryotic cells. Motile cilia line the upper and lower airways of the lung. Motile cilia are rod-like organelles that extend from the airway cell surface and move the mucus by synchronized beating. There are about 200 motile cilia in the respiratory tract of a healthy individual. They are responsible for movement of the cell itself or the generation of fluid flow, such as mucus. Beating coordinately, these cilia function to remove mucus and debris from the airway in a process call ed mucocilliary clearance. When the cilia malfunction, there is buildup of mucus and debris in the tract, which leads to respiratory difficulties. Immotile or respiratory cilia cause defective Mucociliary Clearance, because of the lack of uniform ciliary movement to transport particles, or mucus in or out of the organs or cells. Why would this cause infertility unless the sperm were artificially injected into egg cells? Males that are affected by Kartegener syndrome can produce sperm, but they are infertile. Sperm count is typically normal, but sperm are immotile due to the absence of dynein flagella or motility is severely limited due to a shortening of the flagella. Some can still become fathers with the help of a procedure that injects sperm cells directly into eggs.

The Self-Ownership Principle

Self-ownership is a belief that almost all Australians or any human accepts. Self-ownership is a belief that any human being of any religion, race, gender orientation or nationality is the ultimate arbiter of the decisions that affects themselves and any coercive action that prevents this decision making is inherently immoral and unacceptable. The acceptance of respect for self-ownership is something that is natural and unquestionable for all humans and is demonstrated below. Imagine that every human being is living in the Garden of Eden found in Genesis. Everyone is living in a world without scarcity and this means that if one person uses a resource, no other person is deprived of its use, i. e. unlimited apples on a tree. In this environment, there is no need for an economic system or property agreement as there is no need for appropriations of land by physical force. However, there is a hidden flaw in this supposed utopian Garden of Eden; there remains a scarcity of human bodies whilst human desires are unlimited and these desires might involve the use of other’s bodies. Instinctively, people will state that there IS a need for a system of property in the Garden of Eden to truly provide a peaceful world; a system respecting the ownership of one’s body. Remarkably simple as the premise of self-ownership is, the implications of the logical conclusions of self-ownership have far-reaching societal consequences. All natural resources are scarce, and thus an system of property needs to be instituted to prevent the Earth from being affected by issues that arise from the Tragedy of the Commons. The process of appropriating land for ownership by people is known as Homesteading. Homesteading is a method of appropriating property ownership that is also the only system completely compatible with self-ownership because it is an independent exchange between nature and one’s own labour. Using coercion to prevent people from creating property out of natural materials implies that certain people or collectives have a higher claim to make these independent exchanges with nature than you do, contradicting the self-evident concept of self-ownership. Deducing from the self-ownership axiom, we have determined that for a sate ociety to respect self-ownership it must accept that all men are equal, respect the legitimate property claims of all men and guarantee civil liberties through the possession of property. If every man, woman and child that ever existed followed these principles, we would be living in a veritable utopia. Ignoring the obvious fact of scarcity, innovation and co-operation would have lead this world into an era of incredible material wealth. But for this to occur, a peaceful and voluntary society, each person needs to have their own epiphany, clear their cognitive dissonance and see reject all assaults on person and property; whether it is a government bureaucrat demanding that you register your swimming pool or a criminal gang demanding your wealth.

Pythagorean Quadratic

Reflection on Crib Bumpers Tracey Crawford ECE 214: Nutrition and Health of Children and Families Kelly Wells November 12, 2012 Kids in Danger website is value because it keeps parents as well as caregivers much needed information on recalls of certain things that are not safe for younger children. Kids in Danger website does have information on other website you can go to get more information about the product as well as numbers you can call.This website gave me a lot of information on crib bumpers pads and why they were recall. Due to an incident that happen in 2009 where 6-month-old Aiden died because of a crib bumper pad he rolled into and couldn’t get out. His grandmother who got kids in danger involved on the importance of crib safety and the danger of bumper pads told this story. We use this information by creating brochures or even books with activities that the parents as well as the caregivers to the safety on using products safe.We can even have seminars that would not cost too much for people to attend to give the importance on why certain toys and products have to be recall because more and more children are dying of things that can be prevented. We could also teach parents about how to use some of the product than just using what is read in the book because some of the products do come with instructions but people still could be putting it together wrong. If we educate more and more people on what is happening in the manufactures and why it happen than there would not be so much death.This information is essential to parents and caregivers on this information than there would not be so much deaths and serious injuries. I feel that parents need to know this information because if it were their own child or a family member they would want to know what they could do to prevent this from happening to them. I know we as people need to wake up and see what is going on in our neighborhoods as well as what is going in our home because the people wh o building this items are not paying close attention to how they are making stuff.Last year I had a cousin who was 9months old who almost choke to death on a piece of toy that felt out the box of a toy her dad was building for her brother. It really scares me to the point that I always make sure toys are very sturdy before I decide to let my kids play with them or kids in my care. I want my brochure to be of some help of the hazardously things that are been build today. I would like for my brochure to be somewhat use in the classroom or out in public. References Improving Children’s Product Safety. Kids in Danger. Retrieved on November 12,2012 from www. kidsindanger. org/product-hazard/crib-bumpers/ Pythagorean Quadratic Even though Ahmed’s half of the map doesn’t indicate which direction the 2x + 6 paces should go, we can assume that his and Vanessa’s paces should end up in the same place. I sketched this out on scratch paper I saw that it forms a right triangle with 2x + 6 being the length of the hypotenuse, and x and 2x + 4 being the legs of the triangle. Now I know how I can use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for x. The Pythagorean Theorem states that in every right triangle with legs of length a and b and hypotenuse c, these lengths have the formula of a2 + b2 = c2. Let a = x, and b = 2x + 4, so that c = 2x + 6.Then, by putting these measurements into the Theorem equation we have x2 + (2x + 4)2 = (2x + 6)2 The binomials into the Phythagorean Therom x2 + 4Ãâ€"2 + 16x + 16 = 4Ãâ€"2 + 24x + 36 are the binomials squared. This a 4Ãâ€"2 on both sides of the equation which can be (-4Ãâ€"2 -4Ãâ€"2) subtracted out first leaving the equation to be x2 + 16x + 16 = 24x + 36. Next we should Subtract 16x from both sides of equation, which then leaves us with: x2 +16 = 8x + 36. The next step would then be to subtract 36 from both sides to get a result of. x2 -20= 8x. Finally we need to subtract 8x from both sides to get x2 – 8x – 20 =0.Now we have a quadratic equation to solve by factoring and using the zero factor. (x – ) (x + ) = 0 Since the coefficient of x2 is 1 we can start with a pair of parenthesis with an x in each. Since the 20 is negative we know there will be one + and one – in the binomials. I noticed that in order for a number to multiply to -20 and add up to -8 the numbers would then have to be -10 and 2. So when I put that into the pair I ended up with (x – 10)(x + 2) = 0 Use the zero factor property to solve each binomial. Then I set each equation up to zero which made, x– 10 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 creating a compound equation.When I did the math and solved for each problem, I got the answer of x = 10 or x = -2. These are the possible solutions to our equation. However, one of these solutions will not work because it doesn’t work with this scenario at all. You cannot have negative paces in this equation because it would simply not make sense, so the -2 solution does not work, leaving us with the answer of x = 10 as the key number of paces. The treasure lies 10 paces north and 2x + 4 = 2(10) + 4 = 24 paces east of Castle Rock, or 2x + 6= 2(10) + 6 = 26 paces straight from the rock. After solving this problem I went to howstuffworks. om to read the discussion on how GPS works. This article explained things about the GPS that I never knew before. I learned a great deal from this article and found a lot of parallels between the article and this assignment. I noticed in the article it discussed trilateration and I thought it seemed very similar to the Pythagorean Theorem, being that 3 points are identified between you, the satellite, and the location you are trying to get to which alm ost forms the shape of a triangle, although it is far more complex than that and is using circles instead of triangles.However the way I saw it is that my position and where I am trying to go would be the legs and the satellite that is directing me to my location from my current position, would have to be a 450 angle, making it the hypotenuse. If one was able to put that into numbers or do some calculate the distance of the satellite, themselves, one would easily be able to calculate your distance using the Pythagorean Theorem.Using this information a GPS is able to detect where you are, how far you are away from your location and the time it will take to get there, which can be incredibly handy, especially for those who do not have the greatest since of direction. After reading this article it should be that the Pythagorean Theorem is much more useful than I thought. It really simplifies the use of maps and a GPS system. It can be incredibly helpful in many aspects of everyday life .

Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene

Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G... Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G...

The Legend of Shaolin Monk Warriors

The Legend of Shaolin Monk Warriors The Shaolin Monastery is the most famous temple in China, renown for its kung fu fighting Shaolin monks. With amazing feats of strength, flexibility, and pain-endurance, the Shaolin have created a worldwide reputation as the ultimate Buddhist warriors. Yet Buddhism is generally considered to be a peaceful religion with an emphasis on principles such as non-violence, vegetarianism, and even self-sacrifice to avoid harming others - how, then, did the monks of Shaolin Temple become fighters? The history of Shaolin begins about 1500 years ago, when a stranger arrived in China from lands to the west, bringing with him a new interpretation religion and spans all the way to modern-day China where tourists from around the world come to experience displays of their ancient martial arts and teachings. Origin of the Shaolin Temple Legend says that around 480 CE a wandering Buddhist teacher came to China from ​India, known as Buddhabhadra, Batuo or Fotuo in Chinese.  According to later, Chan - or in Japanese, Zen - Buddhist tradition, Batuo taught that Buddhism could best be transmitted from master to student, rather than through the study of Buddhist texts. In 496, the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen gave  Batuo  funds to establish a monastery at holy Mt. Shaoshi in the Song mountain range, 30 miles from the imperial capital of Luoyang. This temple was named Shaolin, with Shao taken from Mount Shaoshi and   lin meaning grove - however, when Luoyang and the Wi Dynasty fell in 534, temples in the area were destroyed, possibly including Shaolin. Another Buddhist teacher was Bodhidharma, who came from either India or Persia. He famously refused to teach Huike, a Chinese disciple, and Huike cut off his own arm to prove his sincerity, becoming the Bodhidharmas first student as a result. The Bodhidharma also reportedly spent 9 years in silent meditation in a cave above Shaolin, and one legend says that he fell asleep after seven years, and cut off his own eyelids so that it could not happen again - the eyelids turned into the first tea bushes when they hit the soil. Shaolin in the Sui and Early Tang Eras Around 600, Emperor Wendi of the new Sui Dynasty,  who was a committed Buddhist himself despite his Confucianism court,  awarded Shaolin a 1,400-acre estate plus the right to grind grain with a water mill. During that time,  the Sui reunified China but his reign lasted only 37 years. Soon, the country once more dissolved into the fiefs of competing warlords. Shaolin Temples fortunes rose with the ascension of the Tang Dynasty in 618, formed by a rebel official from the Sui court. Shaolin monks famously fought for Li Shimin against the warlord Wang Shichong. Li would go on to be the second Tang emperor. Despite their earlier assistance, Shaolin and Chinas other Buddhist temples faced numerous purges and in 622 Shaolin was shut down and the monks forcibly returned to lay life. Just two years later, the temple was allowed to reopen due to the military service its monks had rendered to the throne, but in 625, Li Shimin returned 560 acres to the monasterys estate. Relations with the emperors were uneasy throughout the 8th century, but Chan Buddhism blossomed across China and in 728, the monks erected a stele engraved with stories of their military aid to the throne as a reminder to future emperors. The Tang to Ming Transition and Golden Age In 841, the Tang Emperor Wuzong feared the power of the Buddhists so he razed almost all of the temples in his empire and had the monks defrocked or even killed. Wuzong idolized his ancestor Li Shimin, however, so he spared Shaolin. In 907, the Tang Dynasty fell and the chaotic 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdom periods ensued with the Song family eventually prevailing and taking rulership of the region until 1279. Few records of Shaolins fate during this period survive, but it is known that in  1125, a shrine was built to the Bodhidharma, a half mile from Shaolin. After the Song fell to invaders, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty  ruled until 1368, destroying the Shaolin once more as its empire crumbled during the 1351 Hongjin (Red Turban) rebellion. Legend states that a Bodhisattva, disguised as a kitchen worker, saved the temple, but it was in fact burned to the ground. Still, by the 1500s, the monks of Shaolin were famous for their staff-fighting skills. In 1511, 70 monks died fighting bandit armies and between 1553 and 1555, the monks were mobilized to fight in at least four battles against Japanese pirates. The next century saw the development of Shaolins empty-hand fighting methods. However, the monks fought on the Ming side in the 1630s and lost. Shaolin in the Early Modern and Qing Era In 1641, rebel leader Li Zicheng destroyed the monastic army, sacked Shaolin and killed or drove away from the monks before going on to take Beijing in 1644, ending the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, he was driven out in turn by the Manchus who founded the Qing Dynasty. Shaolin Temple lay mostly deserted for decades and the last abbot, Yongyu, left without naming a successor in 1664. Legend says that a group of Shaolin monks rescued the Kangxi Emperor from nomads in 1674. According to the story, envious officials then burned down the temple, killing most of the monks and Gu Yanwu traveled to the remains of Shaolin in 1679 to record its history. Shaolin slowly recovered from being sacked, and in 1704, the Kangxi Emperor made a gift of his own calligraphy to signal the temples return to imperial favor.  The monks had learned caution, however, and empty-hand fighting began to displace weapons training - it was best not to seem too threatening to the throne. In 1735 to 1736, the emperor Yongzheng and his son Qianlong decided to renovate Shaolin and cleanse its grounds of fake monks - martial artists who affected monks robes without being ordained. The Qianlong Emperor even visited Shaolin in 1750  and wrote poetry about its beauty, but later banned monastic martial arts. Shaolin in the Modern Era During the nineteenth century, the monks of Shaolin were accused of violating their monastic vows by eating meat, drinking alcohol and even hiring prostitutes. Many saw vegetarianism as impractical for warriors, which is probably why government officials sought to impose it upon Shaolins fighting monks. The temples reputation received a serious blow during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 when Shaolin monks were implicated - probably incorrectly - in teaching the Boxers martial arts. Again in 1912, when Chinas last imperial dynasty fell due to its weak position compared with intrusive European powers, the country fell into chaos, which ended only with the victory of the Communists under Mao Zedong in 1949. Meanwhile, in 1928, the warlord Shi Yousan burned down 90% of the Shaolin Temple, and much of it would not be rebuilt for 60 to 80 years. The country eventually came under Chairman Maos rule, and monastic Shaolin monks fell from cultural relevance.   Shaolin Under Communist Rule At first, Maos government did not bother with what was left of Shaolin. However, in accordance with Marxist doctrine, the new government was officially atheist. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution broke out and Buddhist temples were one of the Red Guards primary targets. The few remaining Shaolin monks were flogged through the streets and then jailed, and Shaolins texts, paintings, and other treasures were stolen or destroyed. This might have finally been the end of Shaolin, if not for the 1982 film Shaolin Shi  or Shaolin Temple, featuring the debut of Jet Li (Li Lianjie). The movie was based very loosely on the story of the monks aid to Li Shimin and became a huge smash hit in China. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, tourism exploded at Shaolin, reaching more than 1 million people per year by the end of the 1990s. Shaolins monks are now among the best known on Earth, and they put on martial arts displays in world capitals with  literally thousands of films having been made about their exploits. Batuos Legacy Its hard to imagine what the first abbot of Shaolin would think if he could see the temple now. He might be surprised and even dismayed by the amount of bloodshed in the temples history and its use in modern culture as a tourist destination. However, to survive the tumult that has characterized so many periods of Chinese history, the monks of Shaolin had to learn the skills of warriors, most of important of which was survival. Despite a number of attempts to erase the temple, it survives and even thrives today at the base of the Songshan Range.

Policy implications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy implications - Research Paper Example In addition, there is a need to have staff selection and recruitment process put in place. This goes hand in hand with training and quality control process. Focusing on viability of the proposed program, there will a challenge to expand and develop the existing body of research evidence, so the effective elements of the cognitive behavioral models can be specified, and then used to improve the program models further.   Implementation of the programBefore implementation of the program at Birmingham Community Base Facility (female facility), interpreted time series design will be utilized. This will be used to strengthen before-and-after designs. Data will be collected at multiple instances over time before and after the intervention is introduced in order to detect whether the intrusion has an effect considerably greater than the existing programs. This design has an advantage in that it allows the statistical examination of possible biases in the approximation of the effect of the interventions. Some of the potential biases may include:Secular trend- the outcome may be in a way decreasing or decreasing with time. This can be in terms of having observations increasing before intervention and this can wrongfully attribute the experimental effect to the intrusion if a before-and-after study was to be performed. Duration of the intervention- it is possible that the intervention may have an effect for the first two or three months only after its introduction; data obtained yearly would not identify this effect.  ... It is also apparent that the policy makers and the directors will also have to assess how suitable the proposed program is to their clients and program environment. Another apparent program challenge is on how to promote technology transfer in order to make the program most effective model. For example, the policy makers and program directors will have to establish the suitable technology to employ in order to support the program. This may come in terms of assessing necessary software to be used by the program staff. In addition, there is a need to have staff selection and recruitment process put in place. This goes hand in hand with training and quality control process. Focusing on viability of the proposed program, there will a challenge to expand and develop the existing body of research evidence, so the effective elements of the cognitive behavioral models can be specified, and then used to improve the program models further. Implementation of the program Before implementation of the program at Birmingham Community Base Facility (female facility), interpreted time series design will be utilized. This will be used to strengthen before-and-after designs. Data will be collected at multiple instances over time before and after the intervention is introduced in order to detect whether the intrusion has an effect considerably greater than the existing programs. This design has an advantage in that it allows the statistical examination of possible biases in the approximation of the effect of the interventions. Some of the potential biases may include: Secular trend- the outcome may be in a way decreasing or decreasing with time. This can be in terms of having observations increasing before

Toddler Development and Its Influences Research Paper

Toddler Development and Its Influences - Research Paper Example The article provides related information about infants to children aged below five years. A toddler is a child between the years of 1 to 3 years of age. This period of time is considered the most exciting and challenging times for both parents and pediatricians. The most evident and dramatic changes occur in language and interpersonal skills. Themes in affective development include the toddler’s striving for autonomy and independence from the parents, a continued importance of attachment with the family, and the initial work on achieving impulse control. Nutrition unlike any other factors has the ability to affect the child’s brain development both as an external and internal factor. It is considered external because if the foods needed to provide certain nutrients are not available the body lacks materials with which to create new brain cells, neurons and other brain structures (Rosales et.al, 2009). These nutrients include protein, zinc, iron and special fats among ot her nutrients. Nutrition is considered an internal facto because it directly affects the formation of the brain itself including the genetic makeup of the brain. At this age, the child is the inquisitive stage. This means that most of his activities require him to think more and ask questions. This means that his brain activities have increased and his brain is quite active in addition to growing. It is a tricky to feed children at this stage. This is because they are self-independent now and they have preferences for certain foods. Parents should provide several dishes in small portions. The dishes should be colorful and have nice flavors but at the same time have the nutritional value to promote brain development. It is important to understand that a balanced diet is essential in a child’s life as it is to any other individual. This applies to children yet to be born and those already born. It has been identified that pre-natal malnutrition has many negative effects on a ch ild. Some of these effects can be related to cognitive deficits, behavior problems, and low academic achievements. For this reason, it is essential to ensure that a child is provided with proper balance of nutrients so that there can be normal brain development (Rosales et.al, 2009). As stated above, nutrition is a major aspect during a child’s development. This is termed important because it causes reduction of cell production, has great effects on normal cell sizes, and changes their structural appearance. In addition to these effects, nutritional imbalance leads to low communication between cells in the brain. This is the reason such children seem to have lower academic performances or even perform lower in other areas. The potential impact of this research is that it can be of assistance to parents, nutritionists to provide appropriate diet for the toddler and how diet may prevent brain under development. The second scholarly article that was reviewed was written by Mitch ell S. J. and Cabrera N. J. and is called An Exploratory Study of Fathers’ Parenting Stress and Toddlers’ Social Development in Low-Income African American families. The date of the publication was the year 2009. The article attempts to find out the mediation effect on toddlers that fathers’ engagement has on them. The results indicate that there is moderate levels of parenting stress on the fathers, however the results do not indicate any direct effects of stress on