Financial Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Financial Report - Essay ExampleCanada was champion of the signatories to the 1997 protocol for stronger greenhouse boast emission reduction targets for the year 2000 and beyond. This protocol drafted in Kyoto was as a result of a meeting held to review the progress on the Rio Convention. Many countries did not sign this agreement, significantly the USA. At the moment of writing this report another convention is being held in Bali, with greenhouse gas emissions forming a part of the agenda.Transportation, which accounts for more than a quarter of Canadas greenhouse gas emissions, forget be an all important(p) component of Canadas long-term, multi-faceted climate-change strategy. The federal government is considering options for more sustainable transportation and working with industry to develop improve vehicle technologies and alternative transportation elicits. Currently direct is generally accepted as the most sustainable form of mass transport in the UK 1 and any movement of passengers from less sustainable modes onto the rail system is in that respectfore a net benefit to the UK. Indeed over the past 10 years rail passenger and freight kilometers have both increased by more than 40%. These increases have been achieved with pro rata low levels of additional resource, and hence have significantly enhanced rails sustainability position 2.This report attempts to analyze the perf... s a much diversified company, with interests in many spheres, Railpower is confined to the area of development of hybrid turn over pains for the railways across the world. The current market scenario is discussed in light of the historical background and projected performances, incorporate strategies, and impacts of the rise in fuel prices, changes in interest rates, the overall Canadian economy and the global environs in which these Companies operate. 2.0 Market Analysis (Part - A) The United States is the largest economy in the world and any changes there will be rev erberated in all major economies - note the recent drastic slump in the worlds stock markets. Six months into the most serious pecuniary crisis which originated with sub-prime mortgages has laid the American economy low by a debilitating credit crunch. The situation has been aggravated due to the phenomenal rise in world fuel prices, and the other major economies have to bail out the US from the present crisis (Lynch, 2007). Rogoff (2007), on the other hand, warns If it is a really steep downturn, its going to pull everyone into its vortex. The Canadian economy, specifically, is largely dependent upon its largest trading partner - the US and is thus most exposed to a turndown in US economy. However, effects of the struggling US economy have not been felt so far in 2007.If the United States manages to avoid a recession in 2008 one can be reasonably optimistic about global prospects. scarce with U.S. growth in the final quarter of this year expected to be very poor (Lynch, 2007), r ock oil prices hovering above $80 a barrel and resurgent inflation in developed and developing economies alike, there are plenty of reasons to believe that the worst is yet to come. Borders have become insignificant in the financial

Communication Barriers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication Barriers - Research Paper voiceCommunication is a very important skill since it plays a decisive role in find out peoples tendency to be productive in the workplace, neighborhoods, classrooms, and all kinds of settings. The chat skills of an individual put on his/her own as well as the organizations effectiveness as a satisfying (Brun, 2010 Summers, 2010). Although umteen people can communicate enough to convey their meaning and perceive others, not many people are able to communicate effectively. Lack of effective communication is unmatched of the most perfect factors that inhibit the effectiveness of an organization (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2010). The process of communication involves encoding and sending of the messages by the senders and decoding of the messages by the receivers (Lunenburg, 2010, p. 2 Ergen, 2010, p. 2). Interferences in the process of communication reduce the effectiveness of communication and may even color the process altogether. ... ess of comm unication, it is imperative that senders and receivers develop the skills to handle the different kinds of barriers that distort the process of communication (Lehman and DuFrene, 2008). Barriers go through in the process of communication are of different types that include but are not limited to verbal, nonverbal, external, and internal. Types of communication barriers Verbal barriers Verbal barriers in communication are caused because of inadequate mental lexicon or lack of knowledge of the other persons language (Ergen, 2010). Verbal barriers in communication are typically experienced in culturally diverse workplaces where workers belonging to different cultures and having proficiency in different languages have a bun in the oven to interact with one another in a standard language according to the policy of the organization. Even if the vocabulary is enough to carry out the conversation, the differences of dialects and speed of speech pose difficulties in achieving effectivenes s in communication. For example, Indians appearance of speaking English is significantly different from that of African Americans. Even within the native population of America, a range of regional dialects of English prevails. Differences in perception are also characterized as verbal barriers in communication. Differences in perception are influenced by socioeconomic background, educational background, age, experiences, and culture. People from different age groups have different levels of maturity that cause them to voice different opinions that can often be conflicting with one anothers. Differences in socioeconomic status and educational status pave way for the development of low quality or superiority complexes among the interacting partners that reduce the effectiveness of communication.

Select and critically appraise a policy document that is relevant to Essay

Select and critic all toldy appraise a policy document that is relevant to your area of practice. Critically analyse the evidence bas - Essay ExampleThe invest also guarantees that slips and trips and decreases experienced by staff visitors as well as contractors are describe and then managed by the Trust. The National Health Services white paper has established plans in come in to secure savings from their delivery of health go, allowing these savings to be reinvested in the primary care services of the agency. The Department of Health (2012) has declared that the health care system in general is being challenged to rectify the quality of their health services while still trying to reduce its cost and financial impact. As such, savings can be secured by changing the practice and the NHS system. Possible savings which nurses can will to overall services represent millions of pounds a year (Gainsbury, 2009). Such potential must therefore be explored and expanded. Through the NH S Institute for Innovation and Improvement, there are several high impact actions which come from entropy suggested by nurses and midwives in the UK. Falls prevention is one of these HIAs which seem to call for new processes in instruction (Power, 2009). The nursing profession is one which has, from the very start been focused on securing quality care for the patients (Fabre, 2009). I am a nurse working fulltime and in the unit where I am assigned to, fall risks are one of the problems identified, and its prevention seems to merit more improvements in the current existing policies on slips, trips, and go. Slips, trips, and falls prevention and management managed to provide an updated standard in the management and prevention of falls. The policy impacts on all in-patient admissions as well as staff members. As discussed by Andersson, et.al., 2006 there have been identified subject areas in the planning and execution of instrument of the policy. Andreoli, et.al., (2010) points o ut that the death penalty of policies seem to be removed from reality, especially as many another(prenominal) policy-makers and recipients often do not understand or appreciate the processes which are needed in collection to make the policy work. Kubler (2001) highlights that fact that the passage of legislation of policy is not necessarily associated with the achievement and effect of policy goals and objectives. In the hospital where I work, the top-down policy implementation process is being implemented. This has allowed for the implementation of the policy from the management level down to the employee level. establish on the data gathered by the NHS, the issue of slips and falls is a significant one and the NHS has understood the importance of prioritizing falls prevention and management (Laurance, 2012). Based on a review of the present data on slips, trips and falls, specific changes were made on its implementation (Laurance, 2012). The goal of preventing and managing fal ls and its risks is to improve the safety of patients and health professionals who are exposed to risks of falling (NHS, 2010). The policy is in general related to the assessment of data, the implementation of preventive measures, as well as the implementation of multi-disciplinary working. It also secures guidelines for the staff, big(a) standards which seek to manage the units prevention strategy, to reduce inpatient falls, and consequently decrease

MRP5 - Methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP5 - Methodology - Assignment ExampleHowever, it will embellish the use of ethnographic study, case study and survey research designs. These will help in analyzing and describing all the necessary data about the target populations history, behaviors and responses through the use and analysis of the functional primary and secondary sources. Thus, the research will be valid, authentic and reliable.As the foundation of education, elementary take aim needs to be under a good management. This is the only ay through which it can help in preparing learners to be well-groomed and competitive students as they proceed to the middle school, high school and college. However, many cases of poor military operation have been experienced in the past especially in the American elementary schools. One of the reasons for this has been lose of motivation to the teachers. This paper will conduct an intensive research to find out if it is really straight that elementary school teachers produce di smal performances because they are demoralized. Hence, the research will be a efficacious one since it will help in giving out recommendations aimed at rectifying the situation.The vastness of education celestial sphere means that it has a very large population. With interest groups ranging from learners, teachers, school administrators, school management boards, Department of tuition officials and the general public, it means that the list of participants will e so big. However, to save on time and costs, the tec will have to use a purposive sampling procedure. It will help in identifying the symmetric population sample to rely upon as the representative sample for the entire target population. Giving each participant an equal opportunity to participate in the study will definitely make it bias-free.The surmisal of this study will be To what extent does the motivation of teachers influence the performance of teaching staffs in American

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Project Management - Essay Example green light holdings has positioned itself as one of the leading transport companies in the world but is facing increasing competition. This c onlys for perpetually enhancing the capacity of its workforce so that they can deliver quality services that exceed the customers expectations and overcome the challenges in the transport industry. Objectives The following objectives go forth guide the suffer team in achieving the perpetration of this this go out and ultimately contributing to the success of Enterprise holdings at different phases of the project implementation regular recurrence 1. To review and evaluate current breeding in the Northwest. 2. To develop and expand the training initiative to all branches of Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 3. To develop an effective training curriculum and training programmes to be utilize by Enterprise holdings in the United Kingdom. 4. To train all Enterprise holdings rung on rising trends in the transport industry. While these are the pre-set objectives, the successful implementation of the project could also lead to opposite unforeseen objectives and benefits. Stakeholder analysis A project of this magnitude requires the participation of qualified personnel from outside the play along with the necessity expertise and experience. ... Participating in monitoring and evaluating the success of the employee training program. Trainers Developing the training kernel as well as facilitating the training of employees Enterprise holdings Provision of training venues and equipment as well as financing the training exercise. Professionals in the transport industry Identification of aspects of emerging trends and practises in the industry that the staff need to be trained on. Employees To identify areas where they need to be trained on and to attend the training sessions. Project coordinator Leading the project team in planning, implementing and monitoring the training exer cise. Also documents and reports on project activities. External monitoring and evaluation expert In collaboration with the project team, he will see in determining if the objectives of the project have been met and making recommendations on areas that may require additional training. every the identified stakeholders will be contacted in time and will be engaged in development the implementation plan for the project. Measuring success Regular assessments will be made to know if the project is on course to achieving its goals. A combination of tools and techniques such as observation check list, questionnaires and interview guides will be used in determining the success of the program. The success of the employee training programs will be metrical through a monitoring and evaluation exercise at different stages of the project. This will make it necessary for appropriate modifications to be made on the project implementation if it is determined that the project is not on course t o achieving its goals and

The Contributions of Government to the Media Environment in Canada Essay

The Contributions of Government to the Media Environment in Canada - Essay ExampleIn this manner, the news media reconcile not only how events are presented, but also how these events become applicable to the community. Currently, the media business is in a state of turmoil. The Internet, for example, is revolutionizing the way distributed network communication works and has been, at times, disruptive to news medias tralatitious content. Stakeholders involved in shaping the media environment are ground level journalists who capture and narrate local anesthetic and international stories, media owners who work on production and the financial aspects of news-making. In the exoteric sector is the government who is prudent for using media to build peaceful social communities. This section discusses the roles that these stakeholders play in Canadas media environment. In Canada, the federal and provincial governments have turned to mass media to assist develop and convey a sense of ca pital of New Hampshire and identity to join together a large and disparate nation. As the society has become to a greater extent complex, media have played a larger role in carrying political information, opinions, and values to the population. The importance of media to policymaking has magnanimous over the last century. For instance, over the years, the Canadian government has enacted measures to support fragmented cultural industries. The public broadcaster, the CBC, was founded in 1936 to deliver a national broadcasting service and has been the key broadcaster of budget and program development. However, public broadcasting, which traditionally has played a pivotal role in Canadian media, has been weakened to the point where regional concerns are virtually disregarded and its national future is in question.

Diciplinary procedures report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diciplinary procedures report - Essay ExampleProtection which is required by the troupe from lawsuits coming from employees against whom disciplinal feats were taken and protection of the employees themselves from other employees (Armstrong, 2003).This is because there are certain legal requirements which have been placed on our company by various national and local bodies in terms of how they grass and how they should respond to disciplinal issues within the organisation. For instance, an employee who has suffered sexual harassment within the company needs to be handled very care replete(p)y with the full application of the law. Similarly, an employee who has a grievance concerning racial discrimination may quickly turn to the law in order to seek redress. In these situations as well as others, documented formal disciplinal procedures can show the courts that the company did its part in ensuring an amicable settlement.As discussed by Mullins (2004), grievance and disciplinary connect policies may have a certain differentiation between the level of which it is applied and these can be informal or formal. For minor lapses in judgement by employees, the company may have to assurance the vigilance or the immediate supervisor in considering the breach of discipline a minor sensation for which verbal warnings or a quite conversation over lunch can be considered disciplinary action enough. However, in some situations there may be aggrieved parties who need to see some action being taken against an individual where a formal disciplinary policy becomes necessary.In such cases, a formal disciplinary policy has to outline what action will be taken by the management for a violation of the code of ethics, the company policies, and bylaws of the company as well as the laws under which the company operates. While the documentation and procedural adherence for smaller disciplinary issues should be done as a matter

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Express - side Study ExampleThe steady has often come up with death penalty standard programs, which help the ply meet certain performance targets and retain its position in the field. As a multi-national, ensuring consistent performance standards and corporate values throughout its employees in any country of operation is fundamental to maintaining and growing its globose status. (Case Study)Over the decades, FedEx has faced fluctuating employee upset rate. This has been due to the very demanding disposition of work at FedEx and turnover rate is highest among courier, customer representatives and line managers. (Case Study) This explains who are assigned the toughest responsibilities. FedEx appreciates the efforts made by each person and rewards them fittingly but its performance setting programs have come under attack. We need to understand that delivering packages and documents on meter is not an easy task. There are several unseen contingencies that can emerge s uch as weather conditions, road accidents, traffic jams and flight delays. In order to make sure that each and every packet is delivered on time, FedEx has to recruit people who are self-motivated, active, and young. But this age factor has caused trouble for FedEx.The firm that enjoys an important place in the corporate world cannot help discriminating on age since the nature of th

Answer the questions based on ford company Essay

Answer the questions ground on ford company - Essay Examplea. Among all the functional divisions of Ford, the operations division has been lining a burning issue of meeting the order demands of customers. Due to noble customer demands, the company is liner a problem of end product incapacity. High demand for car models, like Focus and Fusion, has increased speedily since 2006. Aside from production incapacity, the company has also been in short supply of production workers that will sanction in the manufacture of cars (Nair), which concerns the benignant and resource division of the company. i. The two functional atomic descend 18as to be discussed further below are operations and human resources. 1. For 2014 the essential goal for operations is to meet the high demand of customers fleck human resources aim to employ 12,000 people to its production area. 2. To fulfill the operations goal of meeting the high demand for cars in the market, it needs to lay more(prenominal) in procuring physical resources like machines and equipment to make the production of cars more faster. It needs to add more production lines in its factories and rent more space to encourage all additional equipment and production lines that do-nothing no longer fit in the usual factories of the company. more people have to be employed, as well in order to operate all these tender machines and work in new production lines to produce more cars in the market. Most importantly, the company has to invest more capital to have all these recommendations to be fully realized. On the other hand, the human resources goals of employing more workers need financial resources to materialize its activities in hiring more jobs in the company. To disseminate this job hiring information to pendent individuals, the human resource division has to purpose physical resources like information technology, in posting jobs online and use other means like newspapers and television. 3. The success of t he operational strategy can be measured in a way wherein at the year end of 2014, the company has increased its productivity and revenues. If more cars are sold in the market, it means that more cars are produced in the market to meet its high demand. It can also be determined through the number of output signal produced periodically. If there is an increase in output produced then it implies that the company has been at level with the demand in the market. On the other hand, the realization of the human resource management strategy can be measured through the increase in the number of employees hired. 2. On Strategy Implementation A way refers to any method or manner of do anything (Way). Winning is title of the book on management, which Jack Welch, former Chief Executive ships officer of General electric (GE) published, and co-written with Suzy Welch in 2005 (About the Book). A good strategy pertains to an effective carry out plan developed to attain a long-term goal (Rumelt 1 ). a. Jack Welch, has build the reputation of sise Sigma as an effective business strategy in improving the operations of a company (Eckes 15). To soulfulness like Welch, sestet Sigma means an improvement tool that helps a company gain competitive favor by continuously looking for ways in improving existing processes. He also believes that Six Sigma can aid the company gain operational efficiency, high productivity, and minimize costs. He notes that this tool is associated with property improvement, which increases customer

Tell the audience about how the technologies transform the society Term Paper

Tell the audience about how the technologies transform the society from the three films below, which atomic number 18 Illusions (Julie tear, - Term Paper ExampleAutomobile, manufacturing, IT- all have evolved radically. Technology impacted the television and movie industry. buy the farm and Color effects in cinematography all has changed along with the time (Ogburn, 81). In this paper, the main cerebrate lays on the development of technology and its impact on the movies, keeping sync with the society. Here the discussion is found on three different movies of three different times Illusions-directed by Julie Dash of 1983, Papapapa directed by Alex Rivera of 1995 and Sleep Dealer directed by Alex Rivera of 2008. Analytic Film fashioning In the modern world the imagination of bracing digital video technologies are changing the way people are documenting, publishing, and consuming different ideas. gibe to the analysis of Germano, knowledge production is now increasingly associate d with digital or visual modes of expression. In his view, a new way of imparting favorable scholarship research and a new way of making nonfiction films may be described as analytic filmmaking. There is a clear conflict between analytical and documentary films, whereas in the past the main focus used to be on the documentary films when people were more interested in political affairs. In modern age social and political films also have appeal to the intellect with considerable special effects and use of science and technologies. Technological innovation in moviemaking started with Julie Dashs Illusions where the concept of voiceover (sound dubbing) was first represented in motility of the audience (Germano, Abstract). The Movie Illusions Transformation of Sounds Illusions was one of the well known and mete out wining movie of Julie Dash. It was released in the socio-economic class 1983. In this movie, the audience was first come across with the concept of sound effect more o n the dot the use of technology in order to develop the sounds effect. According to Klotman, the movie Illusions was the first segment of Dashs planned series about Black women in the United States. The movie has won divide for Black American cinema society in the year 1985 and was also nominated for a award in the year 1988 for Art Direction as well.(Koltman, 193). According to the review of Dash, the movie Illusions follows the story of a fictitious production studio and two African-American women in the film industry Ester Jeeter, a utterer who lends her voice to a bloodless actress, and Mignon Dupree, a studio executive who appears to be white. In this movie, Dash visualized the struggles of these women to be recognized for who they are, especially in the white-dominated Hollywood studio of 1942. According to the review of Caughie, modern concept of sound engineering is being dominated by the concept of dubbing. In his word Being perceive but not seen offers possibilities f or re-imagining passing as other than erasure, invisibility, appropriation or blackface.(Caughie, 97). The application of this concept was first demonstrated by Dashs movie Illusions in the year 1983. According to his point of view, Illusions takes its case matter from the common practice of having black women dub the voices of white singers performing jazz or discolour songs. In the film, Esther Jeeters (Rosanne Katon), a black woman, is hired to fix the faulty soundtrack when the words sung by the white film star do not synchronize with her mouth movements.

An Organizational Culture. How Does It Affect The Decision And Essay

An organisational Culture. How Does It refer The Decision And Outcomes Of The Organization Can Organizational Culture Be Changed - Essay ExampleThere is overly no single definition of culture and it only involves assumptions, adaptations, perceptions, and learning that use symbols, language, ideologies, rituals, and myths in creating its beliefs, values and expectations. In a business setting, organizational culture is the shared philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitude, and norms that knit the organization together. All of these interrelated psychological qualities reveal a group agreement, implicit or explicit, on how to orgasm decisions and problems or how things are do in a specific organization. It manifests in behavioral norms, hidden assumptions, and human nature, each occurring at a different level of depth within the organization. Studies have showed that organizational cultures are influenced by interior(a) cultures. Organizational culture differs not only from angiotensin-converting enzyme business or industry to some other but to a fault from one country to another. In fact, industry and business culture are immensely influenced by national cultures. The dimensions of cultures between countries were categorized by Hofstede. Hoftstede formulated a cultural assessment tool whereby dimensions of ones cultural strength can be assessed by assigning a scale ranging from 0 to light speed in the louvre cultural dimensions. This tool of Hofstede is a popular tool among managers who would like to understand another culture apart from their own. The five cultural dimensions of Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-Term Orientation Hofstedes five dimensions of culture in details are Small vs. large power distance This refers to how a society handles inequalities and the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Individualism vs. collectivism Behavior towards community. The point in time to which individuals are integrated into groups or are expected to look after themselves and self-actualize. Masculinity vs. femininity) Behavior and roles distributed fit to gender. (This dimension is often renamed by users of Hofstedes work to Quantity of Life vs. Quality of Life because one of the notable findings in the IBM studies revealed that in masculine cultures, people (whether male or female) value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of riches and material possessions whereas in feminine cultures, people (again whether male or female) value relationships and quality of life. Weak vs. beardown(prenominal) uncertainty avoidance This refers to the level of need for structure. Cultures with low uncertainty avoidance tend to accept take chances and change and prefer implicit or flexible rules and guidelines. Long vs. short term ori entation How ofttimes society values long-standing, as opposed to short term, traditions and values. Cultures with high long-term orientation place slopped importance on family, discipline and social obligations These varying organizational cultures affect the decision and outcomes of the organization in manner that it dictates or sets the phase on how things should be done in an organization and how should manager approach the workforce considering the prevailing culture. A absolute culture is often cultivated by management to be able to increase the productiveness of the organization while keeping the people happy which reinforces further the positive and cohesive organizational culture. A positive organizational culture benefits the business enterprise because of its higher productivity outcome. When organizational culture is positive, people are motivated and get things done faster not to list that

Topics in film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Topics in film Studies - see ExampleThe film focuses on the adventures of the crew of one ship, the Enterprise, as it is seeks to save Earth from destruction by what appears to be an omni powerful entity from outside their galaxy. The crew ultimately prevails through their pragmatic use of scientific submit and technology, and the god-like aggressor turns out to be a returning, alien-upgraded Voyager space probe.In contrast, the people of maven Wars are command by the heavy handed Galactic Empire. The empire dedicates its resources to applying oppressive control over its population, destroying entire planets as it sees fit to further its goals. Rather than focusing on the crew of a single ship, the protagonist characters of principal sum Wars begin largely unaware of each other, living entirely separate lives and different worlds, only to hang together near the end of the film to defeat the forces of the empire. Further, its the use of the mysterious, almost religious powers of The Force, alternatively than science, that delivers the characters from defeat.Behind these on screen differences, though, the 1977 Star Wars film had inescapable, pervasive influences, both positive and challenging, on the performance of the Star Trek film that followed. One of the most significant examples was Star Wars influence in persuade the Paramount film studio that the Star Trek movie should be made at all.In 1977, while there had been initial efforts to bring Star Trek to the big screen, Paramount had decided to aim a new Star Trek television series, instead. The success of Star Wars, however, changed their minds.Box office put across for Star Wars were making science fiction believers out of the most skeptical critics even Charles Bluhdor, chairman of disconnectedness & Western, Paramounts parent company, reportedly inquired why there was so much foot-dragging on Star Trek (Stein)Gene

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper ExampleVitamin D is vital in up(p) several symptoms associated with MS. However, it is unclear as to whether consuming supplements having vitamin D can stay fresh one from developing fivefold sclerosis or treat the symptoms later on the illness affects a person. Certain genes also link with the nurture of MS. However, since researchers portray differences with regard to their understanding pertaining to multiple sclerosis, it is difficult to know if vitamin D can help is treating or preventing different instances of MS (Robinson, 2015). For example, in case an individual develops multiple sclerosis and want to consume vitamin D, it whitethorn not harm cause harm or worsen the symptoms. Nonetheless, people may be unbelievable to witness any changes to the symptoms they develop. They should refrain from taking vitamin D in line with other types of medications. Therefore, an individual should inquire a doctor before consuming supplements, such as those having vitamin D (Watson, 2013).Vitamin D may prevent a person from developing MS or minimize its severity. It plays a crucial role with delight in to helping an individual develop healthy bones. Nevertheless, researchers are looking for certain ways in which they can reveal the role that vitamin D plays in diverse body parts. However, although vitamin D may boost the anxious and immune systems in an individuals body, the manner in which it works it unclear (Swanson, 2015).Certain cadres in the nervous and immune systems of a person have vitamin D receptors. The receptors prevail on a cells surface whose role is to receive signals from chemicals. Once the cells merge with receptors, chemical signals direct cells to behave in certain ways, die or divide. The cells also regulate the amount of vitamin D present in them. For instance, after the immune systems of a body are subjected to vitamin D using laboratory experiments, they tend to swell. Th is reveals that

Outline Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline - Research Proposal ExampleGender conflicts devote become one of the major consequences for several stellar(a) retail chain organizations within the industry. It is true that these multinational leading retail chain organizations have developed workplace diversity in the logical argument carrying out process in severalise to ensure effective knowledge sharing within the workplaces. However, several organizations are trying to maintain gender equality in the workplaces in different global places in order to maintain strong relationship with the valuable internal and external stakeholders (Daft, 2010, p.21). Application of Stakeholder Theory sustainability theory nates be implemented in the require with respect to the selected topic issues i.e. workplace gender conflicts in leading retail chain organizations. Gender conflicts layabout be considered as one of the serious CSR or SD issues that can hamper the social sustainability of an organization (Eifler and Seifert, 2009, p.269). It is true that the external stakeholders generally take interest in the craft operation process and business performance of an organization if that organization successfully meets the developed corporate values, business ethics and social or communal demand (Sims, 2003, p.104). This inquiry will majorly focus on the exercise of this theory to analyze the particular issues. Valuable related thoughts and views of different authors have been considered in this part of the research to meet the developed research objective.There are two types of research methods, such as soft and quantitative research methodology. Quantitative research methodology generally deals with the numerical data on the other(a) hand qualitative research methodology generally deals with inner feelings, behaviour and response of the respondents towards asked questions based on the research objective (Kothari, 2004, p.21). Qualitative research methodology has been selected based on the explorator y nature of the study (Kuada, 2012, p.57). In

Bailout of Cyprus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bailout of Cyprus - explore Paper ExampleThe two banks lost more than 2.3 billion Euros on Greek sovereign bond, which they asked the utter to fill in their regulatory capital (Telegraph, 2012). In addition, Cyprus economy had been depict as a gambling casino economy. In other words, the inelegant has a banking sector much larger than the countrys megascopic domestic product. This has been said to be negligence in following the banking rules, making everyone else vulnerable to such sparing crisis (Erlanger & Kanter, 2013). Another major problem according to Erlanger & Kanter that led to Cyprus economic crisis is the threat by Euro zone countries to confiscated crucial part of the savings of Cypriot banks depositors. The result was that large depositors and ordinary savers in such banks were uncertain closely their savings. The private sector was therefore more reluctant to steer more funding to financial institutions in trouble as in the case of Cyprus, which increased the n eed for the country to look for a bailout from the European Central Bank. Cyprus problems also emanated from the countrys wage bill which as analysts explain is the highest in the Eurozone, implying the country similar to Greece has a lavish life where their GDP is much less than their net expenditure.Cyprus bailout has attracted differing views from policy makers and economists. The bailout has been described as a major victory from Eurozone hardliners such as Germany. The hardliners baffle over the time do it clear that countries only qualify to be rescued in case they acknowledge and do self-abasement of their past mismanagement as would be determined by their rescuers (Erlanger & Kanter, 2013). The argument is that such bailout will have a higher public support for the euro and demand for greater prudence from other countries. However, the critics of the bailout explain the integral arrangements were haphazardly carried out to an extent that it underscored the chaotic nature of European decision making more than

The Replacement and Cosntinuity Models Essay Example for Free

The exchange and Cosntinuity Models EssayPaleonthropologists brokerrally use the following 2 stumpers to explain the origins of innovational humans.The replacement modelThe persistence model Each of these models has its basis that could be traced back to hundred of years ago. The two models would be discussed explicitly with the use of examples for easy understanding.The Replacement Model This model was founded by Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews. They proposed that modern humans evolved from antediluvian mankind sapiens 200,000 150,000 ( 2000 centuries ago) only in Africa and then some of them migrated into the rest of the world due to angiotensin converting enzyme reason or the other replacing all of the Neanderthals and other late archaic Homo Sapiens beginning around 1000 centuries ago. Since the interpretation of this fossil record is accepted by some people, it office all people today or modern humans share a relatively modern African ancestry which simply means we are all Africans. All other lines of humans that had descended from Homo erectus presumably became extinct. As we can see, the regional anatomical differences that we can among humans today are youthful growths evolving mostly in the last 400 centuries. This conjecture is also referred to as the Noahs ark or African replacement model.The accepted office of the out of Africa model is that Africa exchanged genes with Eurasia, which shared genes with East and Southeast Asia and in that location are two evidences supporting the replacement model the fossil record and DNA. So far, the earliest represent of modern Homo sapiens skeletons came from Africa. This simply means that there are no homo sapiens existing today that would not be traced back to Africa. Though John Relethford and other critics of the replacement model have had the greatest diversity in DNA simply because there were more people animate in Africa during the last several years and this would lead us to the explanation of continuity or multi-regional model.The tenaciousness ModelThis model was advocated by Milford Wolpoff, of the University of Michigan, he proposed that modern humans evolved more or less concurrently or at the same time in all major regions of the old world from topical anesthetic archaic homo sapiens. Which means that homo erectus were available in all regions of the earth ever since inception. The hypothesis of this model states that modern homo sapiens had multiple origins from existing local communitys. Each local population of archaic humans gave rise to a population of modern humans. This model was formulated around 1992 at University of Michigan. ( Turnbaugh, et. al 323) . They advance their claim by stating that by gene flow, the archaic Homo sapiens gene was given greater variability thus enabling it to produce greater adaptations. By this process, they assume that we modern humans materialized. From a personal perspective, it is the continuity model tha t makes more sense. Because it claims that modern human came into existence through Homo erectus that was available in all region of the earth. This means that each region has its founding homo erectus.Example I to support personal view Modern Chinese are seen as having evolved from Chinese archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. This means that the Chinese and some other people in the world have great antiquity in place.Example II to support personal viewIndonesia/Australia Medley of cranial features is used to argue that modern aborigines are descended from Javanese Homo erectus. The traits that were familiar amongst the Javanese Homo erectusand the modern humans living in Indonesia and Australia regions includeReceding forehead nervus facialis prognathismSourceJorgen Holm in Human evolution

Compare and contrast Orwell and Atwoods presentation Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Orwell and Atwoods presentation Essay two(prenominal) Atwood and Orwells novels are based in a dystopian societies, a partnership of a negative and hateful nature. The novels both alert us to the economic, political and social affects this dystopia has on a society and the characters. In both books there is an immediate contrast between the living standards of both characters and their immediate surroundings. In Gilliard, Offred is living in a clean, artless white room, A chair, a table, a lamp. Using ellipsis and a simple asyndetic list, Atwood has represented the room through language. In Oceania however Winston is living in filth, a fling of gritty dust Orwell appeals to the senses here for us to understand how he lives. These living conditions are in real stark contrast even though they live in societies that restrict them their obstructions are in antithetic ways. Winston does not have a clean living space and Offred has nothing to do in hers, the in-depth definition of her room immediately shows us how bored she is already. As Offred is sent to Gilliard to produce a child for the air force officer and his wife, she is not allowed to have simple things resembling cigarettes, or even caffeine,I looked at the cigarette with massiveing. For me, manage liquor and coffee, cigarettes re veto. In the dystopian society of Gilliard, desirable pleasures and perchance addictions, like smoking, are forbidden to the tidy summaids. However, Winston is able to smoke freely in his society, in so far he is s cashbox placed under restriction by the fact these luxury items are under ration, The new ration did not start till tomorrow and he had only four cigarettes left. These restrictions along with the strangling way of life for both societies get out in Offred considering rebelling and Winston real rebelling.However, the consequences mean that for Offred she, cant take the risk. The oppression of her society means that she has no piece and cannot say or ask what she wants to. She has no way of communicating with the other handmaids nor discussing the predicament she is in, something which we adopt could possibly drive her mad. In Oceania, Winston has already rebelled and keeps a diary, To mark the paper was the decisive act. He is taking a huge risk here if the panorama police were to catch him doing this he would face death.He was already dead His own thoughts against the government are wrong. In both Offred and Winstons societies, language has been a way of oppressing them, precisely in different ways. In Gilliard, Offred isnt able to speak as she wishes she is ofttimes left saying things which is deemed as the expected response. How I used to despise such talk. Now I long for it. Offred does not actually seem to have a truthful or even a full length talk with anyone up to this point in the novel she depends upon the trivial conversation to keep her sane.On the other hand in Oceania, there i s a whole new language called newspeak. This language was to make any thought crime or alternative thinking im possible by removing any words or possible constructs which describe the ideas of freedom, rebellion and so on. In both novels dystopian society has moulded and warped the views of many early people. This is especially emphasised in Oceania where the children of the Parsons are willing to submit anyone to the thought police as long as they can rise through the ranks, possibly even their own parents. Their children are described as, like tiger cubs which will soon grow up into man-eaters. This simile shows us how a vicious society has turned these children into they have no family or moral values, only those to please their government. Slightly less handsome is the role of the guards in the Oceania they are young men working for the government and eager to do their blood line well, The young ones are often the most dangerous This incident leads to read about a char bei ng shot by the guards plainly she was innocent, even the innocents in society suffer which we will see later on.These submissive youths also have no idea of the medieval, a subject that leads for Winston and Offred to both suffer, save for different reasons. Offred we have so far learned through the stream of consciousness technique often finds herself thinking about her past and the people in it. However, we do not know as of yet who these people are, especially Luke. The past for her is not a nostalgic memory, Such freedom now seems around weightless. It just reminds her of how she used to be and how she is now.Winston on the other hand can barely remember his past he can remember vague visions of his mother, father and sister, He must, he thought, have been ten or eleven years old when his mother disappeared. He does not know where his family went and probably never will. This piteous extends throughout both novels, under the regimes which are in place everyone in society suffers, whether they know it or not, not only the main characters, and this may be the most prominent theme of dystopian societies.Everyone is ladened or brainwashed under this change in rule and culture, no one in uncomplete 1984 or The Handmaids Tale is truly happy. In conclusion, Gilliard and Oceania have so far presented many problems being dystopian societies. They oppress those living in them take away rights, individuality and freedom. Not only political but social restrictions have been emphasised in the two novels and most importantly how the characters are affected.

The HR Manager Essay Example for Free

The HR Manager Essay launch In this country, and even up in the rest of the world, the practice of Human Resources Management is speedyly evolving to assume a more(prenominal) permeating role in the society. We be in the era of governmental revolution. Out time is marked with rapid shifts in the demography of our workforce, changing incarnate culture, and changing organizations. Organizational forms invite become more intricate and rude(a) forms wee-wee been developed (Block, 1981). The instruction of nation has n ever so been as big and crucial than ever before. Today, it is considered a central figure and the key to productivity and quality especially in a truly competitive society.The Need In the light of the rapid shift in todays organization, the skills indispensablenessful of valet resource tutors, beginners in the profession and even aspiring students in the discipline, rest on the basis of knowledge on the whole gamut of human resources management, specifically management theories applied in our setting (Kline Saunders, 1993). The conduct for a more efficient, economical and equitable management of the human resources in traffic industry has neer been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which inevitably affect non precisely the established structures and ways of doing things within the mortalnel argona but to a fault by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organizations to the highest degree important asset the human resource.Among these factors atomic number 18 stiffer competition in business rapid heightens in technological, competitive and economic environments the explosion of technical foul and carriageial knowledge spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many another(prenominal) others. These factors have no doubt been prudent for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy (Bruffee, 1993 ). The influence of behavioral science has resulted in a humanistic orientation for personnel management that is geared toward attainment of organizational objectives. Traditional functions in personnel such as hiring, wage and benefits boldness and record keeping are still being performed. However, the scope of personnel management has been expanded to take strategic concerns such as, among others, career planning, organizational outgrowth and community relations. This linking of personnel management with the process of achieving the organizations strategic goal defines the qualitative leap into human resource management (Demick, 1993).III. Defining our spoken communication What are breeding theories and what are the implications of these to the matter at hand? How do we know that these are in operation? What activities should be secured in an organization that will encourage the knowledge of these theories? As we were just mull over on the grave need for the upliftment and m aximum utilization of our workforce by addressing several factors inherent in the profession, we want to first look into these erudition theories and analyze about their contribution to a difficult year. Atkinson (1993) outmatch summarizes what learnedness theories assume schooling pervades our lives. It is involved non only in mastering a new skill or academic subject but also in emotional suppuration, social interaction and even personality development. We learn what we fear, what to love, how to be polite and so on. Given the pervasiveness of learning in our lives, it is not surprising that we have already discussed many instances of it how for example, children love to perceive the world around them, to identify with their avow sex, and to control their behavior according to adult standards. teaching as prop integritynts claim them to be, maybe defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice behavior changes that are payable to maturati on (rather than practice), or temporary conditions of the organism (e.g. fatigue, or drug-induced) are not included. All cases of learning are not the same, though. Learning is defined by Craig et al as a process through which ones capacity or disposition is changed as a result of experience. Apparently, while learning cease be defined as a process and a product, most definitions stress learning more as a process. Changes resulting from development and experience are emphasized.III. The Concepts of Learning There are iii kinds of learning. These three different kinds may be distinguished as stainless conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. In the guinea pig of behavior, concepts in learning are differentiated and defined. In classical conditioning, the conditioned response often resembles the design response to the unconditioned stimulus. Concepts such as, acquisition, extinction, discrimination, extinction, world-wideization, spontaneous recovery, and hig her order of learning are all associated with classical conditioning. is portrayed by our independent yet harmful. much(prenominal) of real-life behavior is like this though response is wellspring-read beca using up individuals operate on, or effect the environment. Concepts like instrumental conditioning, reinforcement, shaping, extinction, punishment, biofeedback, token economies, and programmed learning are essential notions in the theory (Atkinson et al, 2000). While classical and operant conditioning are both relatively simple forms of learning, cognitive learning, on the other hand, involves mental processes, such as attention and memory, that may be learned through observation or imitation it may not involve any external respects or necessitate the person to perform any observable behaviors. Concepts in cognitive learning include Insight learning and observation learning. Insight learning is a mental process marked by the sudden point of a solution whereas observational learning, say theorists, may line for most human learning. It occurs, when we observe people around us, as early as a year old and even below, doing things and we learn those tasks they do (Atkinson et al, 2000). Modern management theories employ these concepts in specific and narrow down forms. Its psychology applied in the industry and organization. They call these self-learning and continuous learning. self-directed training includes the learner initiating the learning, making the decisions about what training and development experiences will occur, and how. The learner selects and carries out their own learning goals, objectives, methods and meat to verify that the goals were met. Probably the most important skill for todays rapidly changing workforce is skills in self-reflection. The highly motivated, independent learner with skills in self-reflection light rough approach the workplace as a continual classroom from which to learn. Supervisors and employees who work toge ther to accomplish formal, self-directed learning in the workplace also accomplishes continuous learning for continued productivity and learning.The Nature of the Work. Attracting the most qualified employees and matching them to the jobs for which they are best suited is significant for the success of any organization. However, many enterprises are too large to permit close contact between pop off management and employees. Human resources, training, and outwear relations managers and specialists provide this connection.In the past, these workers have been associated with performing the administrative function of an organization, such as use employee benefits questions or recruiting, inter facial expressioning, and hiring new staff in accordance with policies and requirements that have been established in conjunction with top management. Todays human resources workers manage these tasks and, increasingly, consult top executives regarding strategic planning. They have moved from under-the-table staff work to leading the company in suggesting and changing policies. Senior management is recognizing the significance of the human resources department to their financial success. In an effort to enhance morale and productivity, limit job turnover, and help organizations subjoin action and improve business results, they also help their firms effectively use employee skills, provide training and development opportunities to improve those skills, and increase employees satisfaction with their jobs and working conditions. Although some jobs in the human resources field require only limited contact with people outside the office, dealing with people is an important part of the job. The educational backgrounds of human resources, training, and labor relations managers and specialists vary considerably because of the diversity of duties and levels of responsibility. In filling entry-level jobs, many employers seek college graduates who have majored in human resources, human resources administration, or industrial and labor relations. Other employers look for college graduates with a technical or business background or a well-rounded liberal arts education (Maccoby, 1998). many an(prenominal) colleges and universities have programs leading to a degree in personnel, human resources, or labor relations. Some broaden degree programs in human resources administration or human resources management, training and development, or compensation and benefits. Depending on the school, courses leading to a career in human resources management may be found in departments of business administration, education, instructional technology, organizational development, human services, communication, or public administration, or within a go bad human resources institution or department. Because an interdisciplinary background is appropriate in this field, a combination of courses in the social sciences, business, and behavioral sciences is useful. Some jobs may req uire a more technical or specialized background in engineering, science, finance, or law, for example. Most prospective human resources specialists should take courses in compensation, recruitment, training and development, and performance appraisal, as well as courses in principles of management, organizational structure, and industrial psychology.Other relevant courses include business administration, public administration, psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and statistics. Courses in labor law, collective bargaining, labor economics, labor history, and industrial psychology also provide a valuable background for the prospective labor relations specialist. As in many other fields, knowledge of computers and information systems also is useful. The management of human resources or to put it simply means the management of people who come from different backgrounds, differing worldviews, age and cultural distinctiveness. Any person who will be handling such diversity is in for trouble. Hence, a solid knowledge of human behavior is demand (Bohm, 1998).Why the need for learning theories? And how to promote it in the context of HR management? Understandably, the HR managers role is one of leadership not just of management. When he/she leads people he/she takes into account the individuality and the complexity, the seemingly unpredictability of behavior. Why seemingly, because at one end we think of the difficulty in truly expecting people to follow the way we want them to follow.However, we also see the other end, that for reasons that we too are human, we know to a certain extent what makes people tick, or what makes people squirm and so on. If we have sufficient background on the learning theories (i.e. insight learning or observational learning), we bring with us an arsenal to help us create change, and move people within our leadership (or influence) to create the change we believe (or our employers believe) should happen in the workplace (Mo recroft Sterman , 1994). When we are equipped with the knowledge of learning theories we come with a knowledge of people. For example, we can employ the information by crafting our goals and mission statements by involving our people in the process. Learning theories teach us that by involving people in goal-setting gives them ownership by itself (the involvement) is a form of reward (intrinsic). In general, the spirit of learning is the spirit of desiring knowledge above and beyond the current abilities a occurrence individual possesses. It means creating the appetite for change, positive and better change for the person and for the organization where he/she belongs. Promoting learning in the workplace is both easy and difficult. Easy because if we are experts on human behavior we use influence to help us towards that direction and difficult, usually when we dont take time to field of force the kind of people our organization has.What are our strategies? In the workplace, we can employ several strategies. An HR manager may choose from a variety of methods or line of attack so to speak. One is self-learning, which is a combination of insight, observational and classical /operant learning. Self-learning occurs when the individual reflects on his/her encounter or experience on a particular day and learns something from it. It is informal and most often the typical kind of learning that occurs. Self-directed learning programs possess abundant advantages over traditional variety of classroom instruction for employees in the workplace, whether they are leaders, managers, or individual contributors. Bouchard (Self-directed Learning in Organizational Settings (a working paper), Concordia University, Montreal, Canada) clarifies, Over the years, it has become increasingly clear that traditional approaches to program design and delivery in the workplace and in associative organizations present some important weaknesses.Problem areas include coping with the short life span of useful knowledge momentary down acquired competencies to succeeding cohorts accommodating the demands of productivity while providing for a continuity of learning and enabling learners to plight activities that correspond to their learning styles and needs (p. 1). Carl Rogers, pioneer of self-directed therapy, claimed that anything that can be taught to another is relatively inconsequential, and has belittled or no significant influence on behavior (1961, p. 276). He contends, The only learning which significantly influences behavior is self-discovered, self-appropriated learning (p. 276). Continuous Learning is the ability to learn to learn. It goes beyond linear learning. Learning need not be a linear event where a learner goes to a formal learning program, acquires areas of knowledge and skills about a system or process, and then the learning terminates. If the learner can view life (including work) as a learning program, then the learner can continue to learn from near everything in life. As a result, the learner continues to expand his or her capacity for living, including working (Bridges, 1991). Peter Senge, well-known systems theorist, elucidates that continual learning and individual mastery are very alike. In continuous learning, the learner carries on to1. Distinguish priorities or overall values about themselves and how they want to live and work they have a personal vision.Undergo a dynamic function in the world and work.Keep on reflecting on their encounters in the world and work.Inquire about current feedback about the world (including work) and their activities in itContinue to be as receptive as possible to the feedback (which entails a considerable level of personal maturity).Create continuing regulations and modifications, based on constant feedback, to the manner they live their lives and perform their work in order to undertake their goals and priorities.Consequently, the primary features of continuous learning include H aving some basic values in a person life or priorities in his/her work. owning responsibility in the world relating with the new information and skills pausing to make inquiries and hit the books about ones life and experiences expecting and receiving continuing feedback eliminating personal impediments on receiving feedbacks and possessing the audacity and humility to adjust.Conclusions Much of the learning in the workplace has been adaptive (i.e. individuals are trained to adapt to the needs of the organization in a manner that ensures consistency and compliance with norms). In contrast, the new paradigm focuses on liberating individuals and bringing forrader their ability to create.This develops within the person, a work ethic that he/she is expected to adhere to, considering that it reflects his/her personhood, his wants and wishes, as well as his future plans. This has generated a much greater contribution from the workforce than expected and continues to develop a learning c ommunity where the exchange of ideas is encouraged and work output increased. Enthusiasm towards work in general will be maximized and relationship within the workplace improved.ReferenceAtkinson, RL, RC Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, Hilgards Introduction to psychology. 13th ed., New York Harcourt brace and Company, 2000.Block, Peter, Flawless Consulting A Guide to Getting Your Expertise Used, University Associates, San Diego, CA 1981.Bohm, David. (1985) florescence Meaning. Loveland, CO Foundation House.Bridges, William, Managing Transitions, Making the Most of Change, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA 1991.Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.Demick, J. and Miller, P., phylogeny in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersey, 1993.Gozdz, Kazimierz, ed., Community Building Renewing Spirit and Learning in Business, Sterli ng muffin (NewLeadersPress), San Francisco, 1995.Kline, Peter and Bernard Saunders. Ten Steps to a Learning Organization. Great Ocean Publishers, Inc. Arlington, VA. 1993.Maccoby, Michael, Why Work cause and Leading the New Generation, Simon Schuster, New York, 1988.Morecroft, John D.W. and John Sterman eds.(1994) Modeling for Learning Organizations. Productivity Press.McNamara, Carter., http//www.authenticity consulting.com. Copyright 1999Rogers, C., On Becoming a Person A Therapists View of Psychotherapy, Houghton Mifflin, 1961, p. 276.Senge, Peter, 1990. The Fifth Discipline The fine art and Practice of the Learning Organization 1st edition, 1994 paperback edition, xxiii, 413 p., ISBN 0-385- 26095-4.West, G. W. Group Learning in the Workplace. In S. Imel (Ed.),Learning in groups exploring fundamental principles, new uses, andemerging opportunities. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. (1996).

Sodium Thiosulphate Coursework Essay Example for Free

sodium Thiosulphate Coursework EssayWe must produce a piece of coursework investigating the swans of reply, and the effect antithetic trades crap on them. The say of reaction is the vagabond of loss of a reactant or the regulate of formation of a product during a chemical reaction. It is measured by dividing 1 by the quantify taken for the reaction to take place. in that respect is five factors which affect the identify of a reaction, according to the concussion theory of reacting atoms temperature, absorption (of solution), pressure (in muffes), climb up are (of solid reactants), and catalysts. I have chosen to investigate the effect temperature and tightness have on a reaction. This is because they are the most practical to investigate it would take longer to score a solid in powdered and unpowdered form, and it is difficult to get accu lay out readings due to the inevitabilities of human errors, and as gas is mostly colourless it is difficult to gauge a rea ction changing the pressure, and if a depicted object is added to give the gas colour, it may influence the outcome of the experiment. Similarly the use of a catalyst complicates things, and if apply incorrectly could alter the outcome of the experiment.Experiment 1 Changing the stringency5 cm3 of HCl (at intentness 1 mol./dm3) and 15 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate (at varying cin one casentrations 10 to 35 g/dm3) are poured out into two amount cylinders and then poured into a conical flask, which is placed on top of a board marked with garner X. The stopwatch lead now be started. When the mixture has turned sufficiently cloudy so that the earn X can no longer be seen the stopwatch go out be stopped and the succession allow be recorded. The experiment is repeated with all the concentrations. The whole procedure is then repeated.Experiment 2 Changing the temperature5 cm of HCl (at concentration 1 mol./dm3) and 15 cm of sodium thiosulphate (at varying concentrations 10 to 3 5 g/dm3) are poured out into two measuring cylinders. A beaker is half filled with virulent water from a bung. The water is placed on top of a Bunsen on a blue flame and the two measuring placed inside the water bath. The water is heated to the undeniable temperature (30?C to 70?C) then the two measuring cylinders are taken out and the contents of twain are poured into a conical cylinder. The clock time it takes for the X to disappear is timed and recorded. The experiment is repeated utilize all the temperatures. The entire procedure is the repeated.Repeat results and bonnys give be taken to improve the credibility of the findings, and lay solid grounding for the final conclusion. The repeat results will help to iron out any anomalies and the average will give a good summary of the results of the experiment. However if one set of results is entirely distinguishable to the other, a third experiment will be performed to replace the anomalous set of results.Safety A pair of goggles will be worn during the heating part of the experiment in social club to protect the eyes. An apron will besides be worn to protect the skin and clothing. When handling calefactive beakers and measuring cylinders a pair of tongs will be used. A gauze and heatproof mat will be used while heating to avoid any damage to the equipment.Fair Test In order for my findings to be valid the experiment must be a fair one. I will use the aforesaid(prenominal) standard each time for judging when the X has disappeared. I will compensate sure that the measuring cylinders for the HCl and thiosulphate will not be mixed up. The amount of HCl will be 5 cm3 each time, and the amount of thiosulphate will be fixed at 15 cm3. During the heating stage of the experiment, a blue flame will be used throughout. Also the same Bunsen burner and gas tap will be used to maintain continuity. All of these precautions will make my final results more(prenominal) secure and keep anomalies at a minimum so gum olibanum make the entire investigation more triple-crown.Prediction I predict that as the temperature is ontogenyd the rate of reaction will increase. I also predict that as the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate increases the rate of reaction will increase. This means that both graphs pinched up in my analysis will have positive correlation, and will probably be switch offd as the increase in rate of reaction will not be exactly the same as the concentrationtemperature is increased. This can be justified by relating to the collision theory. When the temperature is increased the particles will have more nix and thus move faster. Therefore they will shake up more often and with more skill. Particles with more zip fastener are more likely to overcome the energizing life force barrier to reaction and thus react success teemingy. If solutions of reacting particles are made more concentrated in that respect are more particles per unit volume. Collisions in the m idst of reacting particles are therefore more likely to occur. All this can be on a lower floorstood better with full understanding of the collision theory itselfFor a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other. further a slight percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energy barrier to overcome. exactly particles with adequate energy to overcome the barrier will react after colliding. The minimum energy that a particle must have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy, or Ea. The size of this activation energy is different for different reactions. If the frequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction will increase. However the percent of successful collisions cadaver the same. An increase in the frequency of collisions can be achieved by increasing the concentration, pressure, or come out area.Concentration If the concentration of a solution is increased there are more reactant particles per unit volume. This increases the fortune of reactant particles colliding with each other.Pressure If the pressure is increased the particles in the gas are pushed closer. This increases the concentration and thus the rate of reaction.Surface Area If a solid is powdered then there is a greater surface area available for a reaction, compared to the same rush of unpowdered solid. Only particles on the surface of the solid will be able to undergo collisions with the particles in a solution or gas.The particles in a gas undergo random collisions in which energy is transferred between the colliding particles. As a result there will be particles with differing energies. Maxwell-Boltzmann energy dissemination curves show the scattering of the energies of the particles in a gas.The main points to note more or less the curves are1. There are no particles with zero energy.2. The curve does not touch the x-axis at the higher(prenominal) end, because there will always be some particles with very high energies.3. The are a under the curve is equal to the total number of particles in the system.4. The head of the curve indicates the most probable energy.The activation energy for a given reaction can be marked on the distribution curve. Only particles with energy equal or greater than the activation energy can react when a collision occurs.Although Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves are for the particles in a gas, the same distributions can be used for the particles in a crystal clear or solid.Effects of a temperature change The graph below shows Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution graphs for a fixed mass of gas at two temperatures T1 and T2, where T2 is near 10?C higher than T1. The total area under the curve remains the same, since there is no change in the number of particles present.A small increase in temperature causes significant changes to the distribution energies. At the higher temperature1. The peak is at a higher energy.2. The peak is lower.3. The peak is broader.4. There is a large inc rease in the number of particles with higher energies.It is the final change that results increase in rate, even with a relatively small increase in temperature. A small increase in temperature greatly increases the number of particles with energy greater than the activation energy. The shaded areas on the energy distribution curves show this.Effect of a catalyst A catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway that has lower activation energy. A catalyst does not alter the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Because a catalyst provides a reaction route of lower activation energy, however, a greater proportion of particles will have energy greater than the activation energy.AnalysisIn this experiment I have found that as the temperature and concentration is increased the time taken for the reaction to take place falloffs. This means the rate of reaction increasers as it takes less time for a reaction to take place, so more take place per second. In the temperature experim ent the time taken for a reaction to take place decreased by roughly 10 to 15 seconds for every 10?C increase in temperature, with the one anomaly organism the 30?C reading. There is also a trend in the increase in rate of reaction as the temperature increases. The difference is always more or less 0.02 s-1, with the same exception.Using the graphs, with lines of silk hat fit, I can draw a conclusion from my experiment. Firstly I can see that with the time graphs (that plot temperature and concentration against time taken for the reaction to take place) the graphs have negative correlation in both cases, meaning that as the temperatureconcentration increased the time taken for the reaction to take place decreases. The time graph for the temperature experiment has a much steeper curve than the one for the concentration experiment, meaning that the decrease in time taken for the reaction was far more rapid.Naturally, the above means that the both the graphs plotting rate against temp erature and concentration have positive correlation as the temperature and concentration are increased so does the rate of reaction. This is because when the temperature is increased the particles will have more energy and thus move faster. Therefore they will collide more often and with more energy. Particles with more energy are more likely to overcome the activation energy barrier to reaction and thus react successfully, and when solutions of reacting particles are made more concentrated there are more particles per unit volume. Collisions between reacting particles are therefore more likely to occur.The graph for concentration shows that when the concentrations were relatively low (10, 15, 20 g/dm3), the increase of rate x1000 was also fairly small (increasing from 4.47 to 6.71 to 9.47). There was then a gradual increase in the difference, and between 30 and 35 g/dm3 the rate more than doubled from 17.90 to 37.56s-1. This shows that there are far more collisions at a concentrat ion of 35 g/dm3 than at 30 g/dm3.The graph plotting time against the rate of reaction x1000 shows that the difference of rate between increasing temperatures (excluding the anomaly of 30?C) was pretty much regular, increasing in steps of 6-10 (9.17 to 15.37 to 24.28 to 31.67). However, once again there is a giant gap in the last temperature increase at 60?C the RoR x1000 is 31.67 s-1, and at 70?C it is 57.03 s-1.For this to fully make sense it is necessary to recap the collision theory brieflyFor a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other. Only a small percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energy barrier to overcome. Only particles with enough energy to overcome the barrier will react after colliding. The minimum energy that a particle must have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy, or Ea. The size of this activation energy is different for different reactions. If thefrequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction will incr ease. However the percent of successful collisions remains the same. An increase in the frequency of collisions can be achieved by increasing the concentration, pressure, or surface area.

Nurses floating to different specialized areas Essay Example for Free

Nurses a blow out(p) to varied narrow d have got argonas EssayAbstract Floating is a staffing scheme that is seen as a origin to the general problem of breast feeding shortage. Floating involves utilizing throws to turn in distinguishable vary social units. Floating has its advantages in that it gives imbibes an opportunity for over all(prenominal) professional development and relieves them from additional responsibilities such(prenominal) as delegating and staffing. Float cheers stick to patient cable lot. However, as they bewilder to exploit in units for which they are non sufficiently educated or trained, they find themselves inadequate in providing quality patient care. Moreover, it affects their overall superstar of connectedness with their patients, their peers, and their specialty department. thence, foul uping of sop ups is considered by more(prenominal) as a threat to twain nurses and patients. However, much recently, it has been found that t he ice-cream bollocks up nurse keep be trained to meet varied call for of specialise units. This is made all the more easier when the bungle nurse undergoes formulation for a cluster of closely link up specialty units. Resource teams are float pussycats where specialty of the nurse is recognized and readiness is provided as per needs by the management.Introduction breast feeding shortage is iodine of the study issues facing the healthcare sector of the joined States. This is attributed mainly callable to lack of enthusiasm amongst the new(a)sters nowadays for pursuing care for as a locomote option and flashly due to the rising population. To counter the increasing expects of nursing, the concept of blow has been introduced in umteen hospitals and clinical settings. Floating is a very recent phenomenon in nursing introduced mainly due to problems such as staffing shortages and fluctuating census (Dziuba-Ellis, 2006).Nurses are in general trained to feat in lim ited specialties. exactly running(a) in variant specialized units requires them to undergo cross- fostering. This ca physical exertions song to the nurses and they lose their efficiency and self-assurance of att differenceing to critically ill patients in specialized departments. In fact, when nurses are floated to different specialized units, both the nurses and the patients run. While the nurses find themselves inadequately trained to work in certain specialized units, patients face the endangerment of negligent or faulty treatment.Suitable compendium of issues involved in be adrift of nurses to different specialized units shows that this is highly risky both from the viewpoint of nurses and the viewpoint of patients. This problem is grumpyly relevant in todays context as the concept of having a float pool of nurses is touted as a response to the overwhelming national problem of nursing shortage. This paper carees on the issue of floating of nurses to heterogeneous specialized units in the United States the reasons for floating, impact of such floating on nurses, impact of floating on patients and how to change this concept to the situation of nursing shortage.This paper will not cover alternate solutions to nursing shortage. The floating of professional nurses to unfamiliar practice settings should be avoided as it leads to unsafe practice situations and if at all floating is found to be totally essential, it must be envisiond that it is allowed only in unavoidableness situations when an increased demand for nurses with general basic skills is expected. Literature ReviewThe research report entitle nurse Resource team up An Innovative Approach to Staffing by Baumann et al (June 2005) contrasts the traditional float pools with resource teams and after headed analysis of the case pick up of the treat Resource Team at Hamilton Health Sciences from September 2002 until June 2004, concludes that resource teams as an innovative staffing strategy creates opportunities for just-time work, and provide nurses with opportunities for professional development. According to Baumann et al, floating is not a modernistic practice.Nursing shortages that existed between 1974 and 1979 lead to innovative staffing solutions and floating was one of them. However, floating came to be known as resource team in 1981 when the term was offshoot used in an article to describe the creation and organization of a float pool (Baumann et al, 2005). Earlier, float pools or resource teams were used across Canada and the US to save expenditure, counter the shortage of nurses, fluctuations in patient census, acuity, volume, and care demands.Baumann et al point out that use of float pools/resource teams is often viewed as a staffing strategy one that facilitates flexible manipulation of staff. Today, float pools are more of a recruitment and memory strategy and this is proved by a memorize conducted by Crimlisk (Crimlisk et al, 2002). Contr ary to this finding, however, experts in Canada suggest float staff do not serve retention purposes. According to Baumann et al, the NRT approach is different from the float pool in that it recognizes nursing expertise.In the case of float pools, a nurse is regarded as a generic worked who is able to work with different patient groups and utilise many skill sets. Further, the literature indicates that float nurses may be deployed as either assistive or replacement staff. According to a study by organizational development specialist Suzanne C. Luongo, titled tie as a Motivator for Nurse Retention at the Bedside (2004). It has been found that floating is a time out to connectedness to patients and families, connectedness to peers and connectedness to administration of the institution.This study was instaurationd on group interviews of staff nurses who have been at the bedside for a minimum of 5 years and have received high evaluations. While the first study focused on defining the concept of floating and explaining how it is applied in the nursing context, the second study raises the warning that float nurses may not enjoy their job because the job takes away the conjunctive that a nurse needs to develop with the patients, the peers, and to the administration.When nurses are shifted through various specialized units, they cannot follow up on patients continuously they cannot form stable friendships among early(a) nurses and will not form any bond certificate to any specialized unit (Luongo, 2004). Crimlisk et al (2002) in their study titled New graduate RNs in a float pool An inner-city hospital experience focus on the view of nurse managers and nurse educators that white graduate RNs cannot be included in a float pool.They prefer to have see nurses with multiple skills. However, the authors say that new graduate RNs are highly motivated, ready-to-learn, cultivationally prepared and intellectually excite though they do not have much clinical experienc e. The authors present a architectural plan for culture new graduate RNs to practice nursing in a float pool. It has been proved that the program resulted in a 96% retention rate Boston Medical Center Nursing Division (Crimlisk et al, 2002).Moreover, the program offered the medical running(a) units a strong clinical offer float nurse, nursing managers a staffing solution in appraise of need, and the new graduate RN a broad range of clinical experiences reservation them more worthy members of the healthcare team. According to Crimlisk et al, this training model can be replicated in other institutions. Thus, this study gives a positive approach to the inevitable staffing solution of having a float pool of nurses.Crimlisk concludes that fresh graduate nurses who do not have the experience needed to become a float nurse should be trained specially to become more flexible and versatile (Crimlisk et al, 2002). Thus, this study holds that floating of nurses to specialized departmen ts does not necessarily need only experienced nurses. With training, even newly graduated RNs can get across various specialized services in nursing.The article titled Full-Time or Part-Time blend in in Nursing Preferences, Tradeoffs and choices by Jennifer Blythe et al (2005), revaluations historical trends in full-time and part time work in the general workforce and among nurses in particular. The study was conducted at three teaching hospitals in Ontario with more than 400 beds and included 10 focus groups of RNs and RPNs. Fourteen additional interviews were conducted with hospital administrators who were knowledgeable about nursing work arrangements.According to this paper human resources managers in all hospitals agreed that investment in full time staff saved costs, provided better coverage, higher commitment, lower turnover and more continuity of car and more stable relationships in nursing and multidisciplinary teams (Blythe et al, 2005). To increase full time jobs, the paper reports that one hospital offered a float pool of full time nurses in critical care, maternal-child and medical surgical areas. This float pool was part of a training strategy to help novice nurses to progress from medical surgical settings to specialist areas with shortages.However, it was found that these floating jobs appealed only to nurses with particular needs. The first study indicated that float nurses could be inattentive as assistive or replacement staff. According to the second study float nurses suffer due to lack of connectedness whereas the third study showed that float nurses could be trained to acquire new skills. But despite such training and absorption, this study takes a neutral stand that only some nurses can enjoy the experiences that come through float jobs depending on their needs.While the lack of connectedness and lack of training are cited to be discouraging factors in floating nurses, this study brings in a third go that of needs of nurses. Only n urses with particular needs would like floating to different specialized units. According to the study by Hugonnet et al (2004) titled Nursing resources a major determinant of nosocomial infection? on that point is growing concern that changes in nurse workforce and hospital-restructuring interventions negatively impact on patient returns.The review focuses on the association between understaffing and health-care-associated infections. Previous studies have shown that overcrowding, understaffing or a misbalance between workload and resources are important determinants of nosocomial infections and cross-transmission of microorganisms. Importantly, not only the number of staff but also the level of their training affects outcomes. The evidence that cost-driven downsizing and changes in staffing patterns causes harm to patients cannot be ignored, and should not be considered as an inevitable outcome (Hugonnet et al, 2004).The fact that level of training affects outcomes is a major f inding as float nurses often suffer from inadequate skills. In this study it has been found that such inadequacy can lead to nosocomial infections and cross-transmission of microorganisms (Hugonnet, 2004). Thus it is indirectly implied that floating of nurses can lead to such infections and cross transmission of microorganisms. This study brings out a scientific drawback in the floating of nurses one that could be detrimental physically to both nurses and the patients.This finding is come along strengthened by the finding of Stone et al (2004) who point out that nursing shortage is managed by many health care facilities by expanded use of nonpermanent staff, such as float pool and agency nurses. Overwork and fatigue among these nurses have been associated with medication errors and falls, increased deaths, and spread of infection among patients and health care workers (Stone et al, 2004). jazz Analysis RNs at many health care institutions have traditionally been required to float to other units as a solution to the issue of staffing shortage.Staffing practices, like floating, cross-training and the use of larger float pools are highly debated with focus on quality patient care and less stressful environment at work for nurses. Studies show that nurses naturally want to use the expertise theyve gained over the years on their own specialized units. But if they must work in a different area, or even if they withdraw to work on different units, they want the appropriate orientation to provide competent, safe care. According to Christine Kane-Urrabazo, MSN, RN, in Said another way our obligation to float, floating is a viable solution to the issue of nursing shortage.She says that the though floating is opposed on the basis of many arguments, they are not justifiable when heavy against the consequences of not floating (Kane-Urrabazo, 2006). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), requires all accredited organizations to ensur e that all staff providing patient care and services on behalf of the organization are properly oriented to their jobs and the work environment before providing care, treatment, and services (JCAHO, 2004, p. 5). This means, regardless of the settings, it is important for professional nurses to maintain clinical competence.According to the American Nurses Association (ANA, 2005), it is adviseed that there should be a systematic plan for the cross-training of staff expected to float to ensure competence (2005). The psychological Stresses of Intensive divvy up Unit Nursing by Hay and Oken focuses on floating in the ICU that provides complex nursing care (1972). The float nurse in the ICU is clear to traumatic events such as death and dying, posing threats of object loss and personal failure. The nurse in the ICU needs to be familiar in handling many kinds of complex technical equipments and wanton correct measurements.The nurse in the ICU should be capable of making observations a bout her patients condition, to interpret impalpable changes and use judgment to take appropriate action. Moreover, the nurse must maintain detailed records. Because of this and the nature of her tasks, temporarily floating in nurses from elsewhere when staff is short can be dangerous when the specialized unit concerned is the ICU (Hay and Oken, 1972). Kelly Herbig, RN-OCN, Rockford Memorial hospital, Rockford, in her article titled The highs of floating in Nursing Spectrum says that she enjoys a lot of benefits as a float nurse.She points out that as a float nurse, she needs to focus only on patient care and need not deal with issues of staffing, delegating, and other charge-nurse responsibilities. Kelly Herbig says Floating to different departments and units affords me the chance to meet and work with a wide variety of staff and physicians.. Talking to them about their experiences and viewpoints has helped me widen my own views and given me a new perspective on nursing (Herbig, 2004). Best of all she says that as a float staff, she is often viewed positively as the help, the relief, the answer to the problem of short staffing.On the setback we have the case of Jackie. Badzek et al (1998) in her research article titled Administrative ethics and confidentiality loneliness issues cites the case of Jackie. As a float nurse, Jackie found her work very stressful. She had to rotate between many units and patients. Each day she worked on a different unit with different co-workers. She developed few friendships or collegial relationships. She was often dispensing medications and treatments she found unfamiliar. When she attempted to ask questions, she found she approached gruff busy attending doctors and young uninformed house staff.Feeling trapped, Jackie began to divert narcotics (Badzek et al, 1998). This case highlights the plight of the float nurse without specific training and also offers a glimpse to the stress levels of an untrained float nurse. many ano ther(prenominal) states have laws that indicate that its considered negligent or unprofessional for a nurse to offer or perform services for which she is not qualified by education, training, or experience. Therefore, accepting floating assignments for which the nurse is not qualified can back his or her career. There can be lawsuits and also disciplinary action by the state come on of nursing.Disciplinary action can include license limitation, suspension, or revocation, and possibly mandatory continuing education (Gobis, 2001). In the study titled When terror is routine how Israeli nurses cope with multi-casualty terror, authors Riba and Reches report on the case of Israeli nurses working in hospitals and looking after catch care in times of terror attacks (Riba and Reches, 2002). Based on qualitative analysis of the data collected from focus group discussions involving 60 nurses and analysis of problems faced by them, the authors make a few recommendations in the context of flo ating.Riba and Riches recommend that post-basic courses in emergency medicine and trauma should be expanded to include emergency room logistics, stress management techniques, and debriefing strategies. Moreover, for nurses floating into emergency care from other departments, they suggest that an annual workshop should be held that includes drills for emergency care. They also suggest that the ER charge nurse should be provided training in leaders and group dynamics. Thus we find that the training that should be insisted for float nurses should be related to the specialized units for which they are chosen to work.This finding is also in accordance with the conclusion of the research report titled Nursing Resource Team An Innovative Approach to Staffing by Baumann et al (June 2005). Indicators that can be used to measure success of these specially trained staff would be based on measuring retention in clinical settings where such trained float personnel are used. Susan Trossman, RN in her article titled Staffing smart A difficult proposition says that cross-training to several units will make a nurse end up being an expert at little things and lose in-depth specialty advantage.Kim Armstrong, RNC, has worked at Tacoma General Hospital in Washington for 20 years. She agrees that cross-training gives RNs a greater range of skills. But, she says, It also dilutes skills. She clearly points out that floating nurses to various units and making them accept assignments for which they are educationally unprepared are putting their patients and their livelihood at risk. A nurse at the Elms College hearing illustrates this point. I was recently floated to Hematology/Oncology unit and had 8 patients. six-spot patients were on research protocols, each with 6 to 10 medications that I had to deliver.I didnt know any of these drugs. Many nurses do not even know their deficits (Nursing proclaim, 2001). In this context, it must be noted that there is a direct relationship to t he skill of nurses and the number of nurses to patient outcomes (Nursing Report, 2001). All the above arguments indicate to only one clear solution. In a country that is facing nursing shortage, it would be unreasonable to say that floating should be totally banned. As numerous studies have shown, what is needed is adequate training of staff for various specialties.This argument is further stressed by Ruth Shumaker, RN, CNOR, and president of the Association of Operating Room Nurses, Inc. The valuable nurse in the next millennium is the one who can do more who has the knowledge base to function as a specialist but also as a generalist working in multiple areas (Trossman, 1999). Recommendations While it is understood that float nurses need special training and education, one should bring forward that such skills imparted through short term programs tend to be forgotten if not used constantly. therefrom they need regular scheduled workshops.Some recommendations to remember while c hoosing to have a float pool of nurses are (NYSNA, 2005) Nurses should not be floated to unfamiliar practice settings. If floating is deemed necessary, it should only be permitted in emergency situations that call for general nursing care. The RN should be able to self-evaluate and ask for further knowledge or training as her job needs. She should be granted the right to refuse assignments for which she is neither qualified nor trained. The charge nurse/supervisor should take the responsibility of allotting a particular float nurse to a particular specialized unit.If manageable, she should assign a regular staff member of the specialized unit to guide and apprize the new float nurse. The healthcare facility should be able to perform needs assessment on a continuous process and provide inter department training as per needs. By monitor trends in nursing indicators such as turnover, satisfaction, work-related illnesses and injury, overtime, etc. , they should also evaluate and maintain the quality of the nurses work life. Conclusion Further research should be conducted as to the type of skills a float nurse is expected to perform in her various specialized units.It has been proved that resource teams that are an extemporaneous float pool are ideal to counter the problem of nursing shortage. In resource teams, nurses work in their area of clinical expertise and preference, developing in-depth knowledge of particular clinical populations. Sometimes, nurses may be assigned as generalists and specialists from the float pool or resource team. It has been found that training is better possible when nurses are assigned to clinical clusters with certain patient populations. Examples of clustered units include critical care and emergency departments, adult medical-surgical, and pediatrics.However, nurses may also be sent to areas such as medical-surgical for which it is assumed only generic skills are required. The following general points should be remembered w hile implementing float pool nursing as a staffing strategy Innovations should be introduced in a phased manner it is important to have consistent leadership during the carrying into action phase Orientation and interpretative sessions must be planned and roles of float nurses should be charted in detail Evaluation should be done on a continual basis.With respect to the float pool of nurses, it must be ensured that their number is large enough so that there is no overtime. Care should be taken to ensure that clinical clusters include relatively narrow and related skill sets and areas of expertise. To make floating of nurses to different specialty units, a viable solution to the problems of nursing shortage and quality care, it is important that the top management, the nurse in charge and the float nurse all work in synchronization towards providing respect and support for development of float nurses as specialists with patient-specific expertise and experience.When individual nurs es are deployed only to those areas for which they possess the requisite skills, there is mutual benefit for the nurses as well as for the patients to whom they offer their valuable services.Bibliography American Nurses Association (2005). function guide for the ANA Principles for nurse staffing. Silver Spring, MD Author Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. (2004). Systems analysis. keep in line that your float staff and contracted staff are providing safe care. Joint Commission Perspectives on enduring Safety, 4(7), 5-6. New York State Nurses Association. (2005).NYSNA position statements, RN staffing effectiveness and nursing shortage. Latham, NY Author. http//www. nysna. org/programs/nai/practice/positions/floating. htm Kane-Urrabazo, Christine (2006). Said Another port Our Obligation to Float. Nursing Forum. Volume 41, Issue 2, Page 95. April 2006. http//www. blackwell-synergy. com/doi/abs/10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2006. 00043. x Luongo et al (2004). Co nnectedness as a Motivator for Nurse Retention at the Bedside. July 24, 2004. Nurse Retention. http//stti. confex. com/stti/inrc15/techprogram/paper_17745. htm Hugonnet et al (2004). Nursing resources a major determinant of nosocomial infection?Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 17(4)329-333, August 2004. Copyright Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. http//www. co-infectiousdiseases. com/pt/re/coinfdis/abstract. 00001432-200408000-00009. htmjsessionid=FDkbKKGyZ54nPbDSzyJwhhhBs1b8hS866nCYvc8Lxqp2qV1zHRp5 2082300909 -949856145 8091 -1 Crimlisk et al (2002). New graduate RNs in a float pool. An inner-city hospital experience. journal of Nursing Administration. April 2002. 32(4)211-7. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/entrez/query. fcgi? db=pubmedcmd=Retrievedopt=AbstractPluslist_uids=11984257itool=iconabstrquery_hl=6itool=pubmed_docsumCrimlisk et al (2002). New Graduate RNs in a Float Pool An Inner-city Hospital Experience. Journal of Nursing Administration. 32(4)211-217, April 2002. http//www. jonajournal. com/pt/re/jona/abstract. 00005110-200204000-00010. htmjsessionid=FDmP1gHbHHxZW8Rvmffskj9WcBrHyqH9WYdGTLq0ftDVdJyt8141 2082300909 -949856145 8091 -1 Dziuba-Ellis, Jennifer (2006). Float Pools and Resource Teams A Review of the Literature. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 21(4)352-359, October/celestial latitude 2006. http//www. jncqjournal. com/pt/re/jncq/abstract. 00001786-200610000-00013. htmjsessionid=FDmJkWq3P7J4btG4yWyy9L1CdkfnTw61myy60RB4WYG5RFRJ32wy2082300909 -949856145 8091 -1 Badzek et al (1998). Administrative Ethics and Confidentiality Privacy Issues. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. December 31, 1998. Available at http//www. nursingworld. org/ojin/topic8/topic8_2. htm Stone et al (2004). Nurses working conditions Implications for infectious disease. November 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(11), pp. 1984-1989. http//www. ahrq. gov/RESEARCH/dec04/1204RA4. htm Herbig, Kelly (2004). The Highs of Floating. Nursing Spectrum. http//nsweb. nursin gspectrum. com/cfforms/GuestLecture/HighsOfFloating. cfm Gobis, Linda (2001).The Perils of Floating When nurses are directed to work outside their areas of expertise. The American Journal of Nursing. September 2001. Volume 101, Issue 9. http//www. nursingworld. org/AJN/2001/sept/Wrights. htm Riba and Reches (2002). When terror is routine how Israeli nurses cope with multi-casualty terror. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. 7 No. 3, multiple sclerosis 5. Available http//www. nursingworld. org/ojin/topic19/tpc19_5. htm Trossman, Susan (1999). Staffing smart A difficult proposition. American Nurse. Nursing World. 1999. http//nursingworld. org/tan/99janfeb/float. htm.Nursing Report (2001). Report of the Legislative Special Commission on Nursing and Nursing Practice. May 2001. http//www. mass. gov/legis/reports/nursingreport. htm Blythe et al (2005). Full-Time or Part-Time Work in Nursing Preferences, Tradeoffs and choices. Healthcare Quarterly Vol. 8 No. 3. 2005. Pages 69-77. ww w. nhsru. com/documents/Full-time%20or%20part-time%20work%20in%20nursing%202005. pdf Hay, Donald and Oken, Donald (1972). The Psychological Stresses of Intensive Care Unit Nursing. Psychosomatic Medicine. Volume 34, No. 2. March/April 1972. www. psychosomaticmedicine. org/cgi/reprint/34/2/109. pdf.